Espécies Sentinelas: Monitoramento Ambiental com Base em Biomarcadores de Efeito Cito- e Genotóxico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37002/revistacepsul.vol12.2333e20230002Keywords:
biomarcador, monitoramento, qualidade ambiental, conservação, crustáceo, peixeAbstract
Human demographic growth has promoted extreme elevation of anthropic impacts and promoting a decline in biodiversity in several ecosystems on Earth. This makes it essential to apply effective monitoring and more effective conservation actions. In recent times, monitoring tends to have a lower operational and financial cost, so that it can be developed for a long time. Effect biomarkers (e.g., comet, micronucleus, and neutral red assays) have been successfully used in flagship species, which have been shown to be an excellent reflection of the quality of an environment. These species, named 'environmental sentinels', show harmful anthropic impacts even in the initial moments, anticipating management actions that avoid persistent (and sometimes irreversible) damage to species, populations and local communities, which would only be verified in the future. Sentinel species need to be resistant enough, resident in the environment under evaluation, have reduced vagility and show interaction with the greatest number of environmental components, whether abiotic or biotic. The works carried out about invertebrate species (e.g., bivalves and crustaceans) and vertebrates (e.g., fish and mammals) have shown the excellence and effectiveness of biomarkers, with evaluations at the cellular and/or molecular level. Present study aims to present the procedures that must be adopted during the assessment of environmental quality through the use of effect biomarkers (geno- and cytotoxicity), from the choice of sentinel species, care in conducting protocols and the effectiveness of these assays in real cases.
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