A buried umbrella: historical changes in the landscape surrounding the habitats of threatened troglobitic isopods in Brazil
Keywords:
land use, Spelunconiscus,, mining, caveAbstract
Impacts on karst environments exert particularly severe effects on species restricted to subterranean habitats (troglobites), as disturbances in surface ecosystems are typically transmitted to subterranean compartments. Given the high habitat specificity of these organisms and the extensive alteration of epigean environments, we investigated the potential impacts and pressures affecting 17 troglobitic isopod species of Spelunconiscus, all endemic to the Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis speleological province in southeastern Brazil. To assess temporal landscape changes surrounding the caves inhabited by these species, we delineated 14 drainage areas using the Ottobasin methodology. These areas were analyzed through land-use and land-cover maps derived from Landsat satellite images for the years 1984 and 2019. Subsequently, we ranked the ottobasins according to the degree of anthropogenic impact to guide conservation and management priorities. Among the 14 areas evaluated, 11 exhibited an increase in native vegetation cover. Nevertheless, expansions of mining, agriculture, and silviculture were also detected. The most intense impacts occurred in the upstream sectors of the ottobasins, which exert greater influence on the subterranean environment due to their hydrological connectivity with the caves. The Eden cave ottobasin emerged as the most threatened, combining intense anthropogenic pressure with the highest diversity of endemic troglobites. Prioritizing the protection and conservation of the five most impacted ottobasins would safeguard approximately 60.5% of the troglobitic species recorded in these areas, corresponding to 46% of all troglobitic species in the province. In contrast, extending protection to all 14 ottobasins would ensure the preservation of 76% of the province’s troglobitic fauna.
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