A importância da consideração de espécies invasoras no manejo integrado do fogo

Autores

  • Elizabeth Gorgone Barbosa Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro/SP
  • Vânia Regina Pivello Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Ecologia da Paisagem e Conservação, Rua do Matão, 321, Trav.14, São Paulo/SP
  • Mariana Ninno Rissi Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro/SP
  • Talita Zupo Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro/SP
  • Alessandra Fidelis Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro/SP

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v6i2.522

Palavras-chave:

Cerrado, comportamento do fogo, gramínea africana, regime de fogo, Urochloa brizantha

Resumo

As invasões biológicas estão entre as principais ameaças à biodiversidade e conservação de ecossistemas no mundo. As invasões por plantas podem alterar as propriedades do material combustível, afetando o comportamento do fogo e, consequentemente, o regime de queima por meio de mudanças na sua frequência, época, intensidade, severidade, tipo e extensão. No Brasil, várias espécies de gramíneas africanas tornaram-se invasoras dos Cerrados, onde o fogo é um fator ecológico importante e está presente há pelo menos 10 milhões de anos. Pretendemos aqui discutir as implicações da presença de gramíneas invasoras no comportamento do fogo e regime de queima, reunindo as informações existentes até o momento e incluindo alguns resultados de nossos experimentos com queimadas controladas em área invadida por gramíneas africanas na Reserva Natural Serra do Tombador (Goiás). Com isso, buscamos levantar informações para discutir e subsidiar um manejo integrado do fogo em ambientes de Cerrado.

Referências

Andrade, S.M.A. 1998. Dinâmica do combustível fino e produção primária do estrato rasteiro de áreas de campo sujo de Cerrado submetidas a diferentes regimes de queimas. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília, Brasília. 43p

Asner, G.P. & Beatty, S.W. 1996. Effects of an African grass invasion on Havaian shrubland nitrogen biogeochemistry. Plant & Soil, 186: 205-211.

Baeza, J.M. & Roy, J. 2008. Germination of an obligate seeder (Ulex parviflorus) and consequences for wildfire management. Forest Ecology and Management, 256: 685-693.

Berardi, A. 1994. Effects of the African grass Melinis minutiflora on the plant community composition and fire characteristics of a central Brazilian savanna. M.Sc. thesis. University of London.

Bond, W.J. & Keeley, J.E. 2005. Fire as a global ‘herbivore': the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20(7): 367-394.

Bond, W.J.; Woodward, F.I & Midgley, G.F. 2005. The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytologist, 165: 525-538.

Bond, W.J. & Van Wilgen, B.W. 1996. Fire and plants. Chapman & Hall, London,UK. 263p.

Barbosa, E.G.; Pivello, V.R. & Meirelles, S.T. 2008. Allelopathic evidence in Brachiaria decumbens and its potential to invade the Brazilian cerrados. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Tecnology, 51(4): 835- 831.

Brasil, 2012. Lei nº 12.651, de 25/5/2012, Cap. IX, Dispõe sobre a proteção da vegetação nativa; altera as Leis nºs 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981, 9.393, de 19 de dezembro de 1996, e 11.428, de 22 de dezembro de 2006; revoga as Leis nºs 4.771, de 15 de setembro de 1965, e 7.754, de 14 de abril de 1989, e a Medida Provisória nº 2.166- 67, de 24 de agosto de 2001; e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12651.htm (Acesso em 14/03/2015).

Brooks, M.L.; D'Antonio, C.M.; Richardson, D.M.; Grace, J.B.; Keeley, J.E.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Hobbs, R.J.; Pellant, M & Pyke, D. 2004. Effects of invasion alien plants on fire regimes. Bioscience, 54(7): 677-688.

Brooks, M. & Lusk, M. 2008. Fire Management and Invasive Plants: a Handbook. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington Virginia. 27p.

Byers, J.E.; Reichard, S.; Randall, J.M.; Parkers, I.M.; Smith, C.S.; Lonsdale, W.M.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Seasatedt, T.R.; Willianson, M; Chornesky, E. & Hayes, D. 2002. Directing research to reduce the impacts of nonindegenous species. Conservation Biology, 16(3): 630-640;

Castro-Neves, B.M. 2000. Comportamento de queimadas, temperaturas do solo e recuperação da biomassa aérea em campo sujo nativo e em capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora). Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF.

Cary, G.J. & Morrison, D.A. 1995. Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region - combinations of inter-fire intervals. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20:418-426.

Cronk, Q.C.B. & Fuller, J.L. 1995. Plant Invaders: the threat natural ecosystems. 1 ed. London, Chapman & Hall. 241p.

Coutinho, L.M. 1990. Fire in the ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado, p. 82-105. In: Goldammer, J.G. (org.). Fire in the Tropical Biota. Ecological Studies, 84. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 497p.

Daldegan, G.A; Carvalho, J.R; Guimarães, R.F; Gomes, R.A.T.; Ribeiro, F.F & McManus, C. 2014. Spatial patterns of fire recurrence using Remote Sensing and GIS in the Brazilian Savanna: Serra do Tombador Nature Reserve, Brazil. Remote Sensing, 6(10):9873-9894

. D'Antonio, C.M. 2000. Fire, plant invasions and global change, p. 65-93 In: Mooney, H.A. & Hobbs, R.J. (eds.). Invasive species in a changing world. Washington, DC: Island Press. 384p.

D'Antonio, C.M. & Vitousek, P.M. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23: 63-87.

Durigan, G.; Siqueira, M.F & Franco, G.A.D.C. 2007. Threats to the Cerrado remnants of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Scientia agricola, 64(4): 355-363.

Fidelis A.; Lyra, M.F.D.S. & Pivello, V.R. 2013. Above- and belowground biomass and carbon dynamics in Brazilian Cerrado wet grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24: 356-364

Freitas, G.K. & Pivello, V.R. 2005. A ameaça das gramíneas exóticas à biodiversidade. In: V.R. Pivello; E.M. Varanda. (Org.). O Cerrado Pé-de-Gigante (Parque Estadual de Vassununga, São Paulo) - Ecologia e Conservação. 1-ª ed. São Paulo: Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, p. 283-296.

Gorgone-Barbosa E.; Pivello V.R.; Bautista S.; Zupo T.; Rissi M.N. & Fidelis A. 2015. How can an invasive grass affect fire behavior in a tropical savanna? A community and individual plant level approach. Biological invasions, 17: 423-431.

Gottsberger, G. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger. 2006. I. Life in the Cerrado, a South American tropical seasonal ecosystem. Ulm, Germany: Reta Verlag. 280p.

Hoffmann, W.A. 1998. Post-burn reproduction of woody plants in a Neotropical sacanna: the relative importance of sexual and vegetative reproduction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35:422-433.

Hoffmann, W.A.; Lucatelli, V.M.P.C.; Silva, F.J.; Azevedo, I.N.C.; Marinho, M.S.; Albuquerque, A.M.S.; Lopes, A.O. & Moreira, S.P. 2004. Impact os the invasive alien grass Melinis minutiflora at the savanna-forest ecotone in the Brasilian Cerrado. Diversity and Distributions, 10: 99-103.

Hoffmann, W.A.; Geiger, E.L.; Gotscher, S.G.; Rossatto, D.R.; Silva, L.C.R.; Lau, O.L.; Haridasa, M. & Franco, A.C. 2012. Ecological thresholds at the savanna-forest boundary: how plant traits, resources and fire govern the distribution of tropical biomes. Ecology Letters, 5: 759-768.

Hanes, T.L. 1971. Sucession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecological Monographs, 41: 27-52.

Hughes, R.F. & Vitousek, P.M. 1993. Barries to shrub reestablishment following fire in the seasonal submontane zone of Hawai'i. Oecologia, 93: 557-563.

Kauffmann, J.B.; Cummings, D.L. & Ward, D.E. 1994. Relationships of fire, biomass and nutrient dynamics along a vegetation gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Ecology, 82: 519-531.

Keeley, J.E. 2006. Fire management impacts on invasive plant species in the western United States. Conservation Biology, 20: 375-384.

Keeley, J.E.; Bond, W.J.; Bradstock, R.A.; Pausas, J.G. & Rundel, P.W. 2012. Fire in mediterranean ecosystems: ecology, evolution and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 515p.

Klink, C.A. 1994. Effects of clipping on size and tillering of native and African grasses of Brazilian savannas (the cerrado). Oikos, 70: 365-376.

Klink, C.A. & Joly C.A. 1989. Identification and distribution of C3 And C4 grasses in open and shaded habitats in São Paulo, Brazil. Biotropica, 21 (1): 30-34.

Klink, C.A. & Machado, R. 2005. Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Biology, 19(3): 707-713.

Knox, K.J. & Clarke, P.J. 2006. Fire season and intensity affect shrub recruitment in temperate sclerophyllous woodlands. Oecologia, 149: 730-739.

Mack, R.N; Simberloff, D; Londsdale, W.M.; Evans, H; Clout M. & Bazzaz, F.A. 2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, ando control. Ecological Applications, 10: 689-710.

Marinho, M.S. 2013. Efeito do fogo Anual na mortalidade e no Banco de Sementes de Andropogon gayanus (Kunth) e Melinis minutiflora (Beauv) no Parque Nacional de Brasília. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília. 75p.

Martins, C.; Leite, L.L. & Haridasan, M. 2004. Capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.), uma gramínea exótica que compromete a recuperação de áreas degradadas em Unidades de Conservação. Revista Árvore, 28: 739-747.

Martins, C.R. 2006. Caracterização e manejo da gramínea Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (capim gordura): uma espécie invasora do cerrado. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília. 320p.

McDonald, C.J. & McPherson, G.R. 2011. Fire behavior characteristics of buffelgrass-fueled fires and native plant community composition in invaded patches. Journal of Arid Environments, 75: 1147-1154.

McGranahan, D.A.; Engle, D.M.; Miller, J.R. & Debinski, D.M. 2013. An Invasive Grass Increases Live Fuel Proportion and Reduces Fire Spread in a Simulated Grassland. Ecosystems, 16: 158-169.

Medeiros, M.B. & Miranda, H.S. 2005. Mortalidade pós-fogo em espécies lenhosas de campo sujo submetido a três queimadas prescritas anuais. Acta Botanica. Brasilica, 19: 493-500.

Medeiros, M.B, Miranda, H.S. 2008. Post-fire resprouting and mortality in Cerrado woody plant specie. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 65:1-16. Miranda, A.C.; Miranda, H.S.; Dias, I.F.O. & Dias, B.F.S. 1993. Soil and air temperatures during prescribed cerated fires in Central Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9:313-320.

Miranda, H.S.; Sato, M.N.; Neto, W.N. & Aires, F.S. 2009. Fires in the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna, p. 427- 450. In: Cochrane, M.A. (ed.). (Org.). tropical fire ecology: climate change, land use and ecosystem dynamics. Heidelberg: Springer-Praxis. 682p.

Miranda, H.S.; Bustamante, M.M.C. & Miranda, A.C. 2002. The fire factor, p. 51-68. In: Olivera, P.S. & Marquis, R.J. (eds.). The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna. Columbia University Press. 424p.

Mistry, J. & Berardi, A. 2005. Assessing fire potential in a brazilian savanna nature reserve. Biotropica, 37(3): 439-451. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2009. Plano de Ação para para prevenção e controle de desmatamento e das queimadas no Cerrado. PPCerrado. MMA. Brasília.

Moreira, B.; Tormo, J.; Estrelles, E. & Pausas, J.G. 2010. Disentangling the role of heat and smoke as germination cues in Mediterranean Basin Flora. Annals of Botany, 105: 627-635.

Morgan, J.W. 1999. Defining grassland fire events and the response of perrenial plants to annual fire in temperate grasslands of southeastern Australia. Plant Ecology, 144: 127-144.

Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiverity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403: 853-858.

Neto, W.N, Andrade, S.M.A, Miranda, H.S. 1998. The dynamics of the herbaceous layer following prescribed burning: a four year study in the Brazilian savanna. Pp. 1785-1792. In: Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology 2. (Ed. DX Viegas) (University of Coimbra: Coimbra, Portugal)

Ogden, J.A.E. & Rejmanek, M. 2005. Recovery of native plant communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species, Foeniculum vulgare: Implications for management. Biological Conservation, 125: 427-439.

Paula, S. & Pausas, J. 2008. Burning seeds: germinative response to heat treatments in relation to resprouting ability. Journal of Ecology, 96: 543-552.

Pausas, J.G. & Keeley, J.E. 2009. A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. BioScience, 59: 593-601.

Pauchard, A.; Gracía, R.; Peña, E.; González, C.; Cavieres, L.A. & Bustamante, R.O. 2008. Positive feedbacks between plant invasions and fire regimes: Teline monspessulana (L.) K. Koch (Fabaceae) in central Chile. Biological invasions, 10: 547-553.

Pessenda, L.C.R.; Ledru, M.-P.; Gouveia, S.E.M.; Aravena, R.; Ribeiro, A.S.; Bendassoli, J.A. & Boulet, R. 2005. Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction in Northeastern Brazil inferred from pollen, charcoal and carbon isotopes. The Holocene, 15 (6), 812-820.

Petenon, D. & Pivello, V.R. 2008. Plantas invasoras: representatividade da pesquisa dos países tropicais no contexto mundial. Natureza & Conservação, 6: 65-77.

Pivello, V.R. 1992. An expert system for the use of prescribed fires in the management of Brazilian savannas. PhD Thesis. Ascot, Inglaterra, Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, University of London.

Pivello, V.R. & Norton, G.A. 1996. FIRETOOL: An expert system for the use of prescribed fires in cerrado (Brazlian savanna) conservation areas. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33: 348-356.

Pivello, V.R.; Shida, C.N. & Meirelles, S.T. 1999a. Alien grasses in Brazilian savannas: a threat to the biodiversity. Biodiversity Conservation, 8: 1281-1294.

Pivello, V.R.; Carvalho, V.M.C.; Lopes, P.F.; Peccinini, A.A. & Rosso, S. 1999b. Abundance and distribution of native and invasive alien grasses in a "cerrado" (Brazilian savanna) biological reserve. Biotropica, 31: 71-82.

Pivello, V.R.; Oliveras, I.; Miranda, H.S.; Haridasan, M.; Sato, M.N. & Meirelles, S.T. 2010. Effect of fires on soil nutrient availability in an open savanna in Central Brazil. Plant Soil, 337: 111-123.

Pivello, V.R. 2006. Manejo de fragmentos de cerrado: princípios para a conservação da biodiversidade, p. 402-413. In: Scariot, A.; Sousa Silva, J.C. & Felfili, J.M. (Eds.). Cerrado: ecologia, biodiversidade e conservação. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, DF. 627p.

Pivello, V.R. 2011. The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil: Past and Present. Fire Ecology, 7: 24-39.

Ramos-Neto, M.B. & Pivello, V.R. 2000. Lightning fires in a Brazilian savanna national park: rethinking management strategies. Environmental Management, 26: 675-684.

Reyes, O. & Trabaud, L. 2009, Germination behaviour of 14 Mediterranean species in relation to fire factors: smoke and heat. Plant Ecology, 202: 113-121.

Rossi, R.; Martins, C.R.; Viana, P.L.; Rodrigues, E.L. & Figueira, J.E.C. 2014. Impact of invasion by molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.) on native species and on fires in areas of campo-cerrado in Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 8(4): 631-637.

Rossiter, N.A.; Setterfield, S.A.; Douglas, M.M. & Hutley, L.B. 2003. Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grass invasions in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Diversity and Distributions, 9: 169-176.

Sampaio, A.B. & Schmidt, I.B. 2013. Espécies exóticas invasoras em Unidade de Conservação Federais do Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira, 3(2):32-49.

Santana, V.M.; Baeza, M.J. & Blanes, M.C. 2013. Clarifying the role of fire heat and dail temperature fluctuations as germination cues for Mediterranean Basin obligate seeders. Annuals of Botany, 111: 127-134.

Sarmiento, G. 1993. Biodiversity and water relations in tropical savannas. In Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes: A Global Prespective. Ecological Studies, 121: 61-79.

Setterfield, S.A.; Rossiter, N.A.; Hutley, L.B.; Douglas, M.M. & Williams, R.J. 2010. Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) invasion on fire behavior in northern Australian savannas. Diversity and Distributions, 16: 854-861.

Sheil, D. 2001. Consevation and Biodiversity monitoring in the tropics: realities, priorities and distractions. Conservation Biology, 15: 1179-1182.

Silva, J.M.C. & Bates, J.M. 2002. Biogeographic Patterns and Conservation in the South American Cerrado: A Tropical Savanna Hotspot. BioScience, 52(3): 225-233.

Simon, M.F.; Grether, R.; Queiroz de, L.P.; Skema, C.; Pennington, R.T. & Hughes, C.E. 2009. Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106: 20359-64.

Simon, M.F. & Pennington T. 2012. Evidence for adaptation to fire regimes in the tropical savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 173: 711-723.

Trollope, W.S.W. 1982. Ecological effects of fire, p. 293-306. In: Huntley, B.J. & Walker, B.H. (orgs.). Ecology of tropical savannas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 669p.

Van Wilgen, B.W. & Richardson, R. 1985. The effects of alien shrub invasions on vegetation structure and fire behavior in South African Fynbos Shrublands: A simulation study. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22: 955-966.

Vilà , M.; Basnou, C.; Pysek, P.; Josefsson, M.; Genovesi, P.; Gollasch, S.; Wolfgang N.; Olenin, S.; Roques, A.; Roy, D. & Hulme, P.E. 2010. How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European, cross-taxa assessment. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8: 135-144.

Vilà , M.; Espinar, J.L.; Hejda, M.; Hulme, P.E.; Jarosik, V.; Maron, J.L.; Pergl, J.; Schaffner, U.; Sun, Y. & Pysek, P. 2011. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 14: 702-708.

Watanabe, S.; Ayta, W.E.F.; Hamaguchi, H.; Guidon, N.; La Salvia, E.; Maranca, S. & Baffa Filho, O. 2003. Some Evidence of a Date of First Humans to Arrive in Brazil. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30: 351-354.

Whelan, R.J. 1995. The ecology of fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 360p.

Ziller, S.R. & Dechoum, M.S. 2013. Plantas e vertebrados exóticos invasores em unidades de conservação no Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira, 3(2): 4-31.

Downloads

Publicado

2016-12-28

Edição

Seção

Manejo do Fogo em Áreas Protegidas