A importância da consideração de espécies invasoras no manejo integrado do fogo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v6i2.522Palabras clave:
Cerrado, comportamiento del fuelgo, gramíneas africanas, régimen del fuego, Urochloa brizanthaResumen
Las invasiones biológicas son consideradas una de las principales amenazas de la diversidad
y la conservación de los ecosistemas del mundo. Las invasiones por plantas pueden alterar las propiedades
del material combustible, afectando el comportamiento del fuego y posiblemente alterando su régimen
natural a través de cambios en la frecuencia, época del año, intensidad, severidad, tipo y extensión. En
Brasil, varias especies de gramíneas africanas se convirtieron en las principales invasoras del Cerrado, donde el fuego es un factor ecológico importante y está presente hace por lo menos 10 millones de años. De estamanera, discutimos las implicaciones de la presencia de estas gramíneas en la conducta y régimen de fuego,
reuniendo la información existente hasta el momento, incluyendo algunos resultados de un experimento con
quemas controladas en una área invadida en la Reserva Natural de la Sierra Tombador, Goiás. Con esto
intentamos colectar la información para discutir y apoyar un manejo integrado del fuego en los ambientes
del Cerrado.
Citas
Andrade, S.M.A. 1998. Dinâmica do combustível fino e produção primária do estrato rasteiro de áreas de campo sujo de Cerrado submetidas a diferentes regimes de queimas. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília, Brasília. 43p
Asner, G.P. & Beatty, S.W. 1996. Effects of an African grass invasion on Havaian shrubland nitrogen biogeochemistry. Plant & Soil, 186: 205-211.
Baeza, J.M. & Roy, J. 2008. Germination of an obligate seeder (Ulex parviflorus) and consequences for wildfire management. Forest Ecology and Management, 256: 685-693.
Berardi, A. 1994. Effects of the African grass Melinis minutiflora on the plant community composition and fire characteristics of a central Brazilian savanna. M.Sc. thesis. University of London.
Bond, W.J. & Keeley, J.E. 2005. Fire as a global ‘herbivore’: the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20(7): 367-394.
Bond, W.J.; Woodward, F.I & Midgley, G.F. 2005. The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytologist, 165: 525-538.
Bond, W.J. & Van Wilgen, B.W. 1996. Fire and plants. Chapman & Hall, London,UK. 263p.
Barbosa, E.G.; Pivello, V.R. & Meirelles, S.T. 2008. Allelopathic evidence in Brachiaria decumbens and its potential to invade the Brazilian cerrados. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Tecnology, 51(4): 835- 831.
Brasil, 2012. Lei nº 12.651, de 25/5/2012, Cap. IX, Dispõe sobre a proteção da vegetação nativa; altera as Leis nºs 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981, 9.393, de 19 de dezembro de 1996, e 11.428, de 22 de dezembro de 2006; revoga as Leis nºs 4.771, de 15 de setembro de 1965, e 7.754, de 14 de abril de 1989, e a Medida Provisória nº 2.166- 67, de 24 de agosto de 2001; e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12651.htm (Acesso em 14/03/2015).
Brooks, M.L.; D’Antonio, C.M.; Richardson, D.M.; Grace, J.B.; Keeley, J.E.; DiTomaso, J.M.; Hobbs, R.J.; Pellant, M & Pyke, D. 2004. Effects of invasion alien plants on fire regimes. Bioscience, 54(7): 677-688.
Brooks, M. & Lusk, M. 2008. Fire Management and Invasive Plants: a Handbook. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington Virginia. 27p.
Byers, J.E.; Reichard, S.; Randall, J.M.; Parkers, I.M.; Smith, C.S.; Lonsdale, W.M.; Atkinson, I.A.E.; Seasatedt, T.R.; Willianson, M; Chornesky, E. & Hayes, D. 2002. Directing research to reduce the impacts of nonindegenous species. Conservation Biology, 16(3): 630-640;
Castro-Neves, B.M. 2000. Comportamento de queimadas, temperaturas do solo e recuperação da biomassa aérea em campo sujo nativo e em capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora). Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF.
Cary, G.J. & Morrison, D.A. 1995. Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region – combinations of inter-fire intervals. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20:418-426.
Cronk, Q.C.B. & Fuller, J.L. 1995. Plant Invaders: the threat natural ecosystems. 1 ed. London, Chapman & Hall. 241p.
Coutinho, L.M. 1990. Fire in the ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado, p. 82-105. In: Goldammer, J.G. (org.). Fire in the Tropical Biota. Ecological Studies, 84. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 497p.
Daldegan, G.A; Carvalho, J.R; Guimarães, R.F; Gomes, R.A.T.; Ribeiro, F.F & McManus, C. 2014. Spatial patterns of fire recurrence using Remote Sensing and GIS in the Brazilian Savanna: Serra do Tombador Nature Reserve, Brazil. Remote Sensing, 6(10):9873-9894
. D’Antonio, C.M. 2000. Fire, plant invasions and global change, p. 65-93 In: Mooney, H.A. & Hobbs, R.J. (eds.). Invasive species in a changing world. Washington, DC: Island Press. 384p.
D’Antonio, C.M. & Vitousek, P.M. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23: 63-87.
Durigan, G.; Siqueira, M.F & Franco, G.A.D.C. 2007. Threats to the Cerrado remnants of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Scientia agricola, 64(4): 355-363.
Fidelis A.; Lyra, M.F.D.S. & Pivello, V.R. 2013. Above- and belowground biomass and carbon dynamics in Brazilian Cerrado wet grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24: 356-364
Freitas, G.K. & Pivello, V.R. 2005. A ameaça das gramíneas exóticas à biodiversidade. In: V.R. Pivello; E.M. Varanda. (Org.). O Cerrado Pé-de-Gigante (Parque Estadual de Vassununga, São Paulo) – Ecologia e Conservação. 1-ª ed. São Paulo: Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, p. 283-296.
Gorgone-Barbosa E.; Pivello V.R.; Bautista S.; Zupo T.; Rissi M.N. & Fidelis A. 2015. How can an invasive grass affect fire behavior in a tropical savanna? A community and individual plant level approach. Biological invasions, 17: 423-431.
Gottsberger, G. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger. 2006. I. Life in the Cerrado, a South American tropical seasonal ecosystem. Ulm, Germany: Reta Verlag. 280p.
Hoffmann, W.A. 1998. Post-burn reproduction of woody plants in a Neotropical sacanna: the relative importance of sexual and vegetative reproduction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35:422-433.
Hoffmann, W.A.; Lucatelli, V.M.P.C.; Silva, F.J.; Azevedo, I.N.C.; Marinho, M.S.; Albuquerque, A.M.S.; Lopes, A.O. & Moreira, S.P. 2004. Impact os the invasive alien grass Melinis minutiflora at the savanna-forest ecotone in the Brasilian Cerrado. Diversity and Distributions, 10: 99-103.
Hoffmann, W.A.; Geiger, E.L.; Gotscher, S.G.; Rossatto, D.R.; Silva, L.C.R.; Lau, O.L.; Haridasa, M. & Franco, A.C. 2012. Ecological thresholds at the savanna–forest boundary: how plant traits, resources and fire govern the distribution of tropical biomes. Ecology Letters, 5: 759-768.
Hanes, T.L. 1971. Sucession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecological Monographs, 41: 27-52.
Hughes, R.F. & Vitousek, P.M. 1993. Barries to shrub reestablishment following fire in the seasonal submontane zone of Hawai’i. Oecologia, 93: 557-563.
Kauffmann, J.B.; Cummings, D.L. & Ward, D.E. 1994. Relationships of fire, biomass and nutrient dynamics along a vegetation gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Ecology, 82: 519-531.
Keeley, J.E. 2006. Fire management impacts on invasive plant species in the western United States. Conservation Biology, 20: 375-384.
Keeley, J.E.; Bond, W.J.; Bradstock, R.A.; Pausas, J.G. & Rundel, P.W. 2012. Fire in mediterranean ecosystems: ecology, evolution and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 515p.
Klink, C.A. 1994. Effects of clipping on size and tillering of native and African grasses of Brazilian savannas (the cerrado). Oikos, 70: 365-376.
Klink, C.A. & Joly C.A. 1989. Identification and distribution of C3 And C4 grasses in open and shaded habitats in São Paulo, Brazil. Biotropica, 21 (1): 30-34.
Klink, C.A. & Machado, R. 2005. Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Biology, 19(3): 707-713.
Knox, K.J. & Clarke, P.J. 2006. Fire season and intensity affect shrub recruitment in temperate sclerophyllous woodlands. Oecologia, 149: 730-739.
Mack, R.N; Simberloff, D; Londsdale, W.M.; Evans, H; Clout M. & Bazzaz, F.A. 2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, ando control. Ecological Applications, 10: 689-710.
Marinho, M.S. 2013. Efeito do fogo Anual na mortalidade e no Banco de Sementes de Andropogon gayanus (Kunth) e Melinis minutiflora (Beauv) no Parque Nacional de Brasília. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília. 75p.
Martins, C.; Leite, L.L. & Haridasan, M. 2004. Capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.), uma gramínea exótica que compromete a recuperação de áreas degradadas em Unidades de Conservação. Revista Árvore, 28: 739-747.
Martins, C.R. 2006. Caracterização e manejo da gramínea Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (capim gordura): uma espécie invasora do cerrado. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia). Universidade de Brasília. 320p.
McDonald, C.J. & McPherson, G.R. 2011. Fire behavior characteristics of buffelgrass-fueled fires and native plant community composition in invaded patches. Journal of Arid Environments, 75: 1147-1154.
McGranahan, D.A.; Engle, D.M.; Miller, J.R. & Debinski, D.M. 2013. An Invasive Grass Increases Live Fuel Proportion and Reduces Fire Spread in a Simulated Grassland. Ecosystems, 16: 158-169.
Medeiros, M.B. & Miranda, H.S. 2005. Mortalidade pós-fogo em espécies lenhosas de campo sujo submetido a três queimadas prescritas anuais. Acta Botanica. Brasilica, 19: 493-500.
Medeiros, M.B, Miranda, H.S. 2008. Post-fire resprouting and mortality in Cerrado woody plant specie. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 65:1-16. Miranda, A.C.; Miranda, H.S.; Dias, I.F.O. & Dias, B.F.S. 1993. Soil and air temperatures during prescribed cerated fires in Central Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9:313-320.
Miranda, H.S.; Sato, M.N.; Neto, W.N. & Aires, F.S. 2009. Fires in the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna, p. 427- 450. In: Cochrane, M.A. (ed.). (Org.). tropical fire ecology: climate change, land use and ecosystem dynamics. Heidelberg: Springer-Praxis. 682p.
Miranda, H.S.; Bustamante, M.M.C. & Miranda, A.C. 2002. The fire factor, p. 51-68. In: Olivera, P.S. & Marquis, R.J. (eds.). The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna. Columbia University Press. 424p.
Mistry, J. & Berardi, A. 2005. Assessing fire potential in a brazilian savanna nature reserve. Biotropica, 37(3): 439-451. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2009. Plano de Ação para para prevenção e controle de desmatamento e das queimadas no Cerrado. PPCerrado. MMA. Brasília.
Moreira, B.; Tormo, J.; Estrelles, E. & Pausas, J.G. 2010. Disentangling the role of heat and smoke as germination cues in Mediterranean Basin Flora. Annals of Botany, 105: 627-635.
Morgan, J.W. 1999. Defining grassland fire events and the response of perrenial plants to annual fire in temperate grasslands of southeastern Australia. Plant Ecology, 144: 127-144.
Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiverity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403: 853-858.
Neto, W.N, Andrade, S.M.A, Miranda, H.S. 1998. The dynamics of the herbaceous layer following prescribed burning: a four year study in the Brazilian savanna. Pp. 1785-1792. In: Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology 2. (Ed. DX Viegas) (University of Coimbra: Coimbra, Portugal)
Ogden, J.A.E. & Rejmanek, M. 2005. Recovery of native plant communities after the control of a dominant invasive plant species, Foeniculum vulgare: Implications for management. Biological Conservation, 125: 427-439.
Paula, S. & Pausas, J. 2008. Burning seeds: germinative response to heat treatments in relation to resprouting ability. Journal of Ecology, 96: 543-552.
Pausas, J.G. & Keeley, J.E. 2009. A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. BioScience, 59: 593-601.
Pauchard, A.; Gracía, R.; Peña, E.; González, C.; Cavieres, L.A. & Bustamante, R.O. 2008. Positive feedbacks between plant invasions and fire regimes: Teline monspessulana (L.) K. Koch (Fabaceae) in central Chile. Biological invasions, 10: 547-553.
Pessenda, L.C.R.; Ledru, M.-P.; Gouveia, S.E.M.; Aravena, R.; Ribeiro, A.S.; Bendassoli, J.A. & Boulet, R. 2005. Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction in Northeastern Brazil inferred from pollen, charcoal and carbon isotopes. The Holocene, 15 (6), 812-820.
Petenon, D. & Pivello, V.R. 2008. Plantas invasoras: representatividade da pesquisa dos países tropicais no contexto mundial. Natureza & Conservação, 6: 65-77.
Pivello, V.R. 1992. An expert system for the use of prescribed fires in the management of Brazilian savannas. PhD Thesis. Ascot, Inglaterra, Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, University of London.
Pivello, V.R. & Norton, G.A. 1996. FIRETOOL: An expert system for the use of prescribed fires in cerrado (Brazlian savanna) conservation areas. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33: 348-356.
Pivello, V.R.; Shida, C.N. & Meirelles, S.T. 1999a. Alien grasses in Brazilian savannas: a threat to the biodiversity. Biodiversity Conservation, 8: 1281-1294.
Pivello, V.R.; Carvalho, V.M.C.; Lopes, P.F.; Peccinini, A.A. & Rosso, S. 1999b. Abundance and distribution of native and invasive alien grasses in a “cerrado” (Brazilian savanna) biological reserve. Biotropica, 31: 71-82.
Pivello, V.R.; Oliveras, I.; Miranda, H.S.; Haridasan, M.; Sato, M.N. & Meirelles, S.T. 2010. Effect of fires on soil nutrient availability in an open savanna in Central Brazil. Plant Soil, 337: 111-123.
Pivello, V.R. 2006. Manejo de fragmentos de cerrado: princípios para a conservação da biodiversidade, p. 402-413. In: Scariot, A.; Sousa Silva, J.C. & Felfili, J.M. (Eds.). Cerrado: ecologia, biodiversidade e conservação. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, DF. 627p.
Pivello, V.R. 2011. The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil: Past and Present. Fire Ecology, 7: 24-39.
Ramos-Neto, M.B. & Pivello, V.R. 2000. Lightning fires in a Brazilian savanna national park: rethinking management strategies. Environmental Management, 26: 675-684.
Reyes, O. & Trabaud, L. 2009, Germination behaviour of 14 Mediterranean species in relation to fire factors: smoke and heat. Plant Ecology, 202: 113-121.
Rossi, R.; Martins, C.R.; Viana, P.L.; Rodrigues, E.L. & Figueira, J.E.C. 2014. Impact of invasion by molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.) on native species and on fires in areas of campo-cerrado in Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 8(4): 631-637.
Rossiter, N.A.; Setterfield, S.A.; Douglas, M.M. & Hutley, L.B. 2003. Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grass invasions in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Diversity and Distributions, 9: 169-176.
Sampaio, A.B. & Schmidt, I.B. 2013. Espécies exóticas invasoras em Unidade de Conservação Federais do Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira, 3(2):32-49.
Santana, V.M.; Baeza, M.J. & Blanes, M.C. 2013. Clarifying the role of fire heat and dail temperature fluctuations as germination cues for Mediterranean Basin obligate seeders. Annuals of Botany, 111: 127-134.
Sarmiento, G. 1993. Biodiversity and water relations in tropical savannas. In Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes: A Global Prespective. Ecological Studies, 121: 61-79.
Setterfield, S.A.; Rossiter, N.A.; Hutley, L.B.; Douglas, M.M. & Williams, R.J. 2010. Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) invasion on fire behavior in northern Australian savannas. Diversity and Distributions, 16: 854-861.
Sheil, D. 2001. Consevation and Biodiversity monitoring in the tropics: realities, priorities and distractions. Conservation Biology, 15: 1179-1182.
Silva, J.M.C. & Bates, J.M. 2002. Biogeographic Patterns and Conservation in the South American Cerrado: A Tropical Savanna Hotspot. BioScience, 52(3): 225-233.
Simon, M.F.; Grether, R.; Queiroz de, L.P.; Skema, C.; Pennington, R.T. & Hughes, C.E. 2009. Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106: 20359-64.
Simon, M.F. & Pennington T. 2012. Evidence for adaptation to fire regimes in the tropical savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 173: 711-723.
Trollope, W.S.W. 1982. Ecological effects of fire, p. 293-306. In: Huntley, B.J. & Walker, B.H. (orgs.). Ecology of tropical savannas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 669p.
Van Wilgen, B.W. & Richardson, R. 1985. The effects of alien shrub invasions on vegetation structure and fire behavior in South African Fynbos Shrublands: A simulation study. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22: 955-966.
Vilà, M.; Basnou, C.; Pysek, P.; Josefsson, M.; Genovesi, P.; Gollasch, S.; Wolfgang N.; Olenin, S.; Roques, A.; Roy, D. & Hulme, P.E. 2010. How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European, cross-taxa assessment. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8: 135-144.
Vilà, M.; Espinar, J.L.; Hejda, M.; Hulme, P.E.; Jarosik, V.; Maron, J.L.; Pergl, J.; Schaffner, U.; Sun, Y. & Pysek, P. 2011. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 14: 702-708.
Watanabe, S.; Ayta, W.E.F.; Hamaguchi, H.; Guidon, N.; La Salvia, E.; Maranca, S. & Baffa Filho, O. 2003. Some Evidence of a Date of First Humans to Arrive in Brazil. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30: 351-354.
Whelan, R.J. 1995. The ecology of fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 360p.
Ziller, S.R. & Dechoum, M.S. 2013. Plantas e vertebrados exóticos invasores em unidades de conservação no Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira, 3(2): 4-31.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Biodiversidade Brasileira - BioBrasil
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Os artigos estão licenciados sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). O acesso é livre e gratuito para download e leitura, ou seja, é permitido copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer mídia ou formato.
v3-3-0-3-2-1-8-release.27