Challenges of Ecotourism in Natural Areas with Consolidated Visitation

a Case Study from Carrancas, Minas Gerais

Authors

  • Vinícius do Couto Carvalho Instituto Alto Montana da Serra Fina, Brasil
  • Wanderley Silveira Junior Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil
  • Cléber Rodrigo de Souza Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil
  • Carolina Njaime Mendes Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil
  • Rayssa Martins de Sousa Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil
  • Thallita Mayra Soares Fernandes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
  • Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v12i3.1946

Keywords:

Nature conservation, social and environmental perception, public policy

Abstract

Tourism has been considered as an important instrument for the socioeconomic development of locations with have natural attractions. However, there are aspects that need to be considered, such as the impacts caused by the activity. This study aimed to analyze the associated ecotourism practices and pro-conservation nature actions, as well as to identify the social actors involved, their perceptions and interventions in the municipality of Carrancas, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. For data collection, we used methodological tools of Participatory Rapid Diagnosis. The analysis had a qualitative and quantitative approach and, to validate the method, meetings were held with the presentation and discussion of the results found. The results contemplated aspects related to the dissemination of the ecotourism destination, the perception of visitors and the local community. It was concluded that natural areas with tourist visitation practices in Carrancas do not yet fit as ecotourism practices, as the existence of various interests that do not communicate and local tourism sectors contribute to the vague understanding of what ecotourism is, its benefits and ways of planning it, preventing its establishment in fact. 

References

Al-dmour CR,Hammdan F, Dmour H,Alrowwad A,Khwaldeh SM.The effect of lifestyle on online purchasing decision for electronic services: The Jordanian Flying E-Ticket. Asian Social Science, 13(11): 157-169, 2017.https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n11p157

Alencar E. Pesquisa em turismo.2007. Editora UFLA. 166 p.

Alvares CA,Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, Gonçalves JLM,Sparovek G.Köppen'sclimateclassificationmap for Brazil. MeteorologischeZeitschrift, 22(6): 711-728, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507

Arabatzis G,Grigoroudis E. Visitors' satisfaction, perception and gapanalysis: The case study of Dadia-LefkimiSouflion National Park. Forest Policy and Economics,12 (3):163-172, 2010.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.09.008

Ballantyne R, Packer J, Falk J. Visitors Learning for Environmental Sustainability: Testing Short- and Long-Term Impacts of Wildlife Tourism Experiences.Tourism Management, 32 (6): 1243-52, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.003

Barany ME, Hammett AL, Shillington LJ, Murphy BR.The role of private wildlifereserves in nicaragua's emerging ecotourism industry. JournalofSustainableTourism, 9(2): 95-110, 2001.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667392

Bardin L.2011. Análise de conteúdo. São Paulo: editora Almedina, 1ª edição. 280 p.

Barnes FI.2008.Community-based tourism and natural resource management in Namibia: Local and national economic impacts. P. 343-360. In:Spenceley A (ed.), Responsible tourism critical issuesfor conservation and development. Earths can PublishingPLC. 416 p. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849772396-27

Bazazo I,Nasseef MA, Al-zawaideh A, Al-dhomaidat M.The Impact of the Attitudes towards Ecotourism Benefits on Destination Loyalty.Journal of Management and Strategy, 8(3): 67-79, Special issue, 2017.https://doi.org/10.5430/jms.v8n3p67

Bello FG, Lovelock B,Carr N. Constraints of community participation in protectedarea-based tourism planning: The case of Malawi. Journal of Ecotourism, 16 (2): 1-21, 2016.https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1251444

BiernackiP, Waldorf D. Snowball sampling: problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2): 141-163, 1981.https://doi.org/10.1177/004912418101000205

Blamey RK.2001. Principles of Ecotourism, p. 5-22.In: Weaver D (ed.). Encyclopediaof Ecotourism CAB International. 639. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993683.0005

Bott AL, GrabowskiS, Wearing S. Stakeholder collaboration in a prospective WorldHeritage area: The case of Kokoda and the Owen Stanley ranges. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal, 3(2): 35-54, 2011.https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v3i2.1812

Bramwell B. Governance, the state and sustainable tourism: A political economy approach.Journal of sustainable tourism, 19(4-5): 459-477, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.576765

Bramwell B, Lane B. 2000.Collaboration and partnerships in tourism planning,p. 1-19. In: Bramwell, B, Lane, B (eds.).Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practice and sustainability. Channel View. xxp.https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2012.723039

Bricker, K.2017. "The International Ecotourism Society" Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research. xxxp.Disponível em: <https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2013marketing/White_Papers/11>. Acesso em: 30/06/2021.

Bruner AG,Gullison RE, Rice RE,Fonseca GAB. Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291 (5501):125-128, 2001.

Butler RW. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. CanadianGeographer,24(1): 5-12, 1980.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x

Camacho-Rui E,Carrillo-reyes A, Rioja-ParadelaTM, Espinoza-Medinilla EE. SustainabilityIndicators for Ecotourism in México: CurrentState. LiminaR, 14(1): 156-168, 2016.

ChenCL. From Catching to Watching: Moving towardsQuality Assurance of Whale/Dolphin Watching Tourism inTaiwan. Marine Policy, 35 (1):10-17, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.07.002

Chiu YTH, LeeWI, Chen TH. Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Ecotourism: Antecedents and Implications. Tourism Management, 40:321-29, 2014.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.013

Cole S. Information and empowerment: The keys to achieving sustainable tourism. Journalof Sustainable Tourism, 14(6): 629-644, 2006.https://doi.org/10.2167/jost607.0

Cooper C, Hall CM.2016. Contemporary tourism: An international approach. 3 ed. Goodfellow.xxp.

Cunha AA. Negative Effects of Tourism in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest National Park. Journal of Nature Conservation, 18(4): 291-295,2010.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2010.01.001

Demir S, Esbah H., Ahu A. Quantitative SWOT analysis for prioritizing ecotourism-planning decisions in protected areas: Igneada case, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 23(5): 456-468, 2016.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2015.1136709

Dwyer L. Triple bottom line reporting as a basis for sustainable tourism: Opportunities andchallenges.ActaTuristica, 27(1): 33-62, 2015.

Eagles PF,RomagosaF,Buteau-Duitschaever WC,Havitz M, Glover TD,Mccutcheon B.Good governance in protected areas: An evaluation of stakeholders perceptions in BritishColumbia and Ontario Provincial Parks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1): 60-79, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.671331

Ferreira FL, Coutinho MCB. 2002. Ecoturismo: visitar para conservar e desenvolver a Amazônia. MMA; SCA; PROECOTUR. 52p. Disponível em: <http://www.bibliotecaflorestal.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9870>. Acessoem: 30/06/2021.

Fu B, Wang K, Lu Y, Liu S, Ma K, Chen L. Entangling the Complexity of Protected Area Management: The Case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve, Southwestern China. Environmental Management. 33(6):788-798, 2004.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0043-8

Fundação João Pinheiro. Centro de Estudos Econômicos e Sociais. 2015. Plano diretor participativo do município de Carrancas/MG.Fundação João Pinheiro.

Gelcich S, Edward-Jones G, Kaiser M. Importance of attitudinal differences among artisanal fishers toward co-management and conservation of marine resources.ConservationBiology. 19(3): 865-875, 2005.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00534.x

Grando MK,Dall'Agnol CM. Desafios do processo grupal em reuniões de equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Esc. Anna Nery,14(3): 504-510,2010.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-81452010000300011

Graci S. Collaboration and partnership development for sustainable tourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(1): 25-42, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.675513

Gomes BMA, Romaniello, MM, Silva MAC. Los efectos del turismo encomunidadesreceptoras: un estudio con residentes de carrancas, MG, Brasil. PASOS Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 4(3), 391-408, 2006.https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2006.04.026

Honey M. 2008.Ecotourism and sustainable development who owns paradise? x ed.Island Press. xxp.

Hurrell JA, Stampella PC, Doumecq MB, Pochettino ML. 2019. Ethnoecology in Pluricultural Contexts: Theoretical and Methodological Contributions. In: Albuquerque U, de Lucena R, Cruz da Cunha L, Alves R. (eds) Methods and Techniques in Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Humana Press, New York, NY.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8919-5_12

IBGE. .(Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística).Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão. 2017.Censo Demográfico 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/mg/carrancas.html > Acesso em: 30/06/2021.

Jamal T,Stronza A. Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas:Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2): 169-189, 2009.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802495741

Jolliffe IT,Cadima J.Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.,374(2065), 1-16, 2016.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202

Khanal BR, Babar JT. Community based ecotourism for sustainable tourism development tin the Mekong region. Policy Brief, 1, 2007.

Lai PH, Nepal SK. Local perspectives of ecotourism development in Tawushan NatureReserve, Taiwan.Tourism Management, 27(6): 1117-1129, 2006.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.010

Lee TH, Jan FH. The Effects of RecreationExperience, Environmental Attitude, and BiosphericValueon Environmentally Responsible Behavior of Nature-BasedTourists.Environmental Management, 56(1):193-208, 2015a.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0488-y

Lee TH, Jan FH.The Influence of RecreationExperience and Environmental Attitude on the EnvironmentallyResponsible Behavior of Community-Based Tourists inTaiwan.Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(7): 1063-94, 2015b. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1032298

Lee TH. A Structural Model to Examine How DestinationImage, Attitude, and Motivation Affect the Future Behavior ofTourists.Leisure Sciences.31(3):215-36,2009. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400902837787

Lee TH. Ecotourism Behavioral Model of National ForestRecreation Areas in Taiwan. International Forestry Review, 9(3): 771-85, 2007.https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.9.3.771

Lee WH,Moscardo G. Understanding the Impactof Ecotourism Resort Experiences on Tourists' EnvironmentalAttitudes and Behavioural Intentions.Journal of SustainableTourism, 13(6):546-65, 2005.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668581

Lepp A. Globalization, ecotourism and the promise of development in Sub-Saharan Africa.Tourism Recreation Research, 27(1): 61-68, 2002.https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2002.11081357

Li W. Community decision-making participation in development.Annals of Tourism Research,33(1): 132-143: 2006.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.07.003

Liu Z. Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6): 459-475, 2003.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667216

Locke H, Dearden P. Rethinking protected area categories and the new paradigm. Environmental Conservation, 32(1): 1-10, 2005.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892905001852

LombardiVT, et al. Registros notáveis de aves para o Sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cotinga,34: 32-45, 2012.

López-Guzmán T, GarcíaJR, RodríguezAV. Análisis diferenciado del perfil y de lamotivacióndel turista nacional y extranjero em larutadelvinodel Marco de Jerez. Gran tour.Revista de investigacionesturísticas, 6: 83-100, 2015.

Mascia MB. The human dimension of coral reef marine protected areas: recent social science research and its policy implication.ConservationBiology,17(2):630-632,2003.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01454.x

Minayo MCS.Construção de avaliadores qualitativos para avaliação de mudanças. Revista Brasileira de Educação e Medicina,33: 83-91, 2009.https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-55022009000500009

Moorhouse, TP,Dahlsjo, CA, Baker, SE,D'cruze, NC, Macdonald, DW. The customerisn't always right—conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism. PloS ONE, 10(10): 1-15, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138939

MTUR. (Ministério do Turismo). Portaria nº 271, de 23 de agostode 2019. Que define o Mapa do Turismo Brasileiro 2019.Disponível em:<http://antigo.turismo.gov.br/2019/14064-portaria-n%C2%BA-271,-de-23-de-agosto-de-2019.html>. Acesso em: 30/06/2021.

Oksanen J, et al. 2017.Vegan: community ecology package. R packageversion 2.4-2, 2017. Disponível em: <https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/index.html>.Acessoem: 30/06/2021.

PansiriJ. Collaboration and partnership in tourism: The experience of Botswana. TourismPlanning & Development, 10(1): 64-84, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2012.723039

Pasape L, Anderson W,Lindi G. Towards sustainable ecotourism through stakeholdercollaborations in Tanzania.Journal of Tourism Research and Hospitality, 2(1): 1-14, 2013.https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8807.1000109

PrettyJ, Smith D. Social capital in biodiversity conservation and management.Conservation Biology,18(3): 631-638, 2004.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00126.x

R Core Team v 4.0.1. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. ISBN 3â€900051â€07â€0. Disponívelem: . Acessoem: 30/06/2021.

Realpe SFM,BenítezBNM. Perfil del turista que ocupala planta hotelera de Otavalo, provincia de Imbabura, Ecuador. RevistaInteramericana de Ambiente y Turismo - RIAT, 11(2), 105-135, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/315

Rudovsky JF. The Ecotourism industry is saving Tanzania's animals and threatening itsindigenous people. Disponível em: <https://www.vice.com/en/article/4wby9b/casualties-of-conservation-0000649-v22n5>. Acesso em 30/06/2021.

Seabra L. 2008. Estudos de capacidade de suporte turístico e monitoramento comunitário para o meio físico, 135-146.In: Costa NMC, Neiman, Z, Costa, V. Pelas trilhas do ecoturismo. RiMa. xxp.

SETUR. Secretaria de Estado de Turismo de Minas Gerais. Circuitos Turísticos e suas regiões. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.turismo.mg.gov.br/circuitos-turisticos/informacoes-administrativas> Acessado em: 07/03/2016.

Silva CE, Holanda FSR. Indicadores de sustentabilidade para avaliação de agroecossistemasextrativistas: o caso da Aroeira (SchinusterebinthifoliusRADDI) no Baixo São Francisco, Brasil. ScientiaAgrariaParanaensis. 9(1): 15-36, 2010.https://doi.org/10.18188/sap.v9i1.4306

Silveira-Junior WJ, Botelho ES. Turismo em áreas protegidas e inclusão social de popula-ções tradicionais: um estudo de caso da Cooperativa de Ecoturismo de Guaraqueçaba (PR). Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, São Paulo, 4(3): 441-462, 2011. https://doi.org/10.34024/rbecotur.2011.v4.5966

Simpson MC. Community benefittourisminitiatives - a conceptual oxymoron?TourismManagement, 29(1): 1-18, 2008.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.005

Snyman S.The role of private sector ecotourism in local socio-economic development insouthern Africa.Journal of Ecotourism, 16(3): 1-22, 2016.https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1226318

SouthgateCRJ. Ecotourism in Kenya: The vulnerability of communities. JournalofEcotourism,5(1-2): 80-96, 2006.https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040608668448

Souza RM. 2007. Redes de monitoramento socioambiental e tramas da sustentabilidade. Annablume; Geoplan.266p.

Stem CJ,Lassoie JP, Lee DR, Deshler DD, Schelhas JW. Community participationin ecotourism benefits: The link to conservation practices and perspectives. Society & NaturalResources, 16(5): 387-413, 2003.https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920390190041

Stone LS, & Stone TM. Community-based tourism enterprises: Challenges and prospectsfor community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of SustainableTourism, 19(1): 97-114, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.508527

Su, M, Wall G, Ma Z. Assessing Ecotourism from a Multi Stakeholder Perspective: Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve, China. Environmental Management, 54: 1190-1207, 2014.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0360-5

Svoronou E,Holden A. Ecotourism as a tool for nature conservation: The role of WWFGreece in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli forest reserve in Greece. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(5): 456-467, 2005.https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668573

TIES.(The International Ecotourism Society).TIES Announces Ecotourism Principles Revision. Disponível em: <https://ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism/ >Acesso em: 30/06/2021.

Timur S, Getz DA.A network perspective on managing stakeholders for sustainable urban tourism.InternationalJournalofContemporaryHospitality Management, 20(4): 445-461, 2008.https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110810873543

Vasconcelos MF. O que são campos rupestres e campos de altitude nos topos de montanha do leste do Brasil? RevistaBrasileira de Botânica, 34(2): 241-246, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011000200012

Verdejo, M E. 2006. Diagnóstico rural participativo: guiaprático DRP. MDA/Secretaria da Agricultura Familiar. 61p.

Vidal MD, Santos PMC, Jesus JS, Alves LCPS,Chaves MPSR. OrdenamentoParticipativo do Turismo com Botos no Parque Nacional de Anavilhas, Amazonas, Brasil. Boletim do MuseuParaenseEmílioGoeldi. CiênciasNaturais, 12(1): 23-36, 2017.

Weaver DB, Lawton L. Progress in TourismManagement Twenty Years on: The State of ContemporaryEcotourism Research. Tourism Management, 28(5): 1168-79, 2007.https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2007.03.004

Weaver D. 2005. Sustainable Tourism. 1 ed. Routledge. xxp.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080474526

Yitbarek TW,Tadie D, Timer G, Fischer A. Evaluating governance processes in thesharing of revenues from wildlife tourism and hunting in Ethiopia. Environmental Conservation,40(3): 253-265, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892913000027

Yodsuwan C, Butcher K. Determinants of tourism collaboration member satisfaction inThailand.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1): 63-80, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.613206

Zapata MJ, Hall CM. private collaboration in the tourism sector: Balancinglegitimacy and effectiveness in local tourism partnerships. The Spanish case.Journal of PolicyResearch in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 4(1): 61-83, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2011.634069

Published

2022-03-31

Issue

Section

Gestão do Uso Público: Turismo e Lazer em Áreas Protegidas

Most read articles by the same author(s)