Caçar ou não caçar, eis a questão

Autores

  • Demetrio Luis Guadagnin Laboratório de Conservação e Manejo de Vida Silvestre. Departamento de Ecologia. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/RS, Brasil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v8i2.745

Palavras-chave:

Caça , extrativismo , diversidade genética, sociologia, manejo;, crueldade

Resumo

Poucos temas despertam tanto conflito de opiniões na arena ambiental quanto a caça. Existem inúmeras formas de caça em um gradiente difuso de interesses, métodos, efeitos sociais e ambientais, graus de formalização e graus de aceitação social. O debate moderno sobre a caça, inclusive no Brasil, concentra-se em questões morais, porém questões ambientais e sociais também são relevantes. Uma reflexão sobre a caça passa pela superação das formas ambíguas como a biodiversidade e os animais são representados nas sociedades modernas. Tratando-se de um tema recentemente incorporado ao domínio ético é um campo ainda em construção sobre o qual não existe uma moral consolidada. Neste artigo argumento que (1) existe uma grande diversidade de matizes de relacionamento entre humanos e animais e de motivações para estes relacionamentos em sociedades modernas, de tal forma que o conceito de caça precisa sempre fazer referência a um contexto explícito; (2) os argumentos e juízos a favor ou contra determinados tipos de caça incluem contradições e conflitos com aqueles usados em outras questões ambientais; (3) o tratamento superficial do tema e a falta de consenso resultam frequentemente em posicionamentos e decisões inadequadamente embasados; (4) a construção social moderna dominante é condicionada pelo modo de vida urbano, que se caracteriza pelo afastamento ou até alienação dos contatos de primeira mão com ambientes e espécies silvestres e enfatiza a noção de crueldade; (5) que todas as formas de caça apresentam desafios e oportunidades de satisfação de interesses sociais e de contribuição ou ameaça para a conservação da biodiversidade, de tal forma não é possível julgar a priori qualquer tipo de caça como em si mesma conservacionista ou degradadora.

Biografia do Autor

Demetrio Luis Guadagnin, Laboratório de Conservação e Manejo de Vida Silvestre. Departamento de Ecologia. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/RS, Brasil

Bacharel (1990) e Licenciado (1991) em Ciências Biológicas pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (1990), Mestre em Manejo de Vida Silvestre pela Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina (1994) e Doutor em Ciências Biológicas pela Universidade Federal da Paraíba (2005). Professor na UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos de 1995 a 2009. Professor Adjunto da UFRN - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte de 2009 a 2010. Professor Adjunto da UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria de 2009 a 2013. Atualmente professor do Departamento de Ecologia da UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Desenvolve pesquisas na área de Conservação e Manejo de Vida Silvestre, com ênfase no manejo de invasões biológicas, exploração de recursos biológicos, planejamento e manejo de áreas protegidas e ecologia e conservação de áreas úmidas e aves aquáticas. Coordenada o Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação do Centro de Ecologia da UFRGS.

Referências

Acampora, R.R. 1998. "Extinction by exhibition: Looking at and in the zoo". Human Ecology Review, 5(1): 1-4.

Aftandilian, D. 2007. What are the animals to us? Approaches from science, religion, folklore, literature, and art. University of Tennessee Press.

Angelsen, A. & Wunder. S. 2003. Exploring the Forest-Poverty Link: Key Concepts, Issues and Research Implications. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). DOI: 10.17528/cifor/001211.

Antonio, F.; Santos, F.; Antunes, P.C.; Macedo, L. & Zucco, C.A. 2012. "How Sustainable Is the Use of Natural Resources in Brazil?" Natureza & Conservação, 10(1): 77-82. DOI: 10.4322/natcon.2012.013.

Armstrong, D.M. 2009. Nominalism and Realism. Digitally printed version, Re-Issued. Universals and Scientific Realism, D.M. Armstrong. Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Baia Jr., P.C.; Guimarães, D.A. & Le Pendu, Y. 2010. Non-legalized commerce in game meat in the Brazilian Amazon: a case study. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 58(3): 1079-88.

Bailey, S. & Bryant, R. 2005. Third World Political Ecology: an Introduction. Routledge.

Barry, J. 2007. Environment and social theory. 2.ed. Routledge.

Barua, M. 2011. Mobilizing metaphors: The Popular Use of Keystone, Flagship and Umbrella Species Concepts. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(7): 1427-40. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-011-0035-y.

Bennett, E.L.; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Bakarr, M.; Eves, H.E. Robinson, J.G. & Wilkie, D.S. 2002. Hunting the world's wildlife to extinction. Oryx, 36(04): 183-191. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605302000637.

Bevins, S.N.; Pedersen, K.; Lutman, M.W.; Gidlewski, T. & Deliberto, T.J. 2014. Consequences associated with the recent range expansion of nonnative feral swine. BioScience, 64(4): 291-99. DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biu015.

Burt, J. 2002. Animals in film. Reaktion.

Callicott, J.B. 2006. Conservation values and ethics. p. 111-36. In: Principles of conservation biology, Groom, M.J.; Meffe, G.K. & Carroll, C.R. 3. ed. Sinauer Associates.

Carvalho, J.M. de. 1998. O motivo edênico no imaginário social brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 13(38): 63-79.

Causey, A.S. 1989. On the Morality of Hunting. Environmental Ethics, 11(4): 327-43. DOI: 10.5840/enviroethics19891141.

Chacon, R.J. & Mendoza, R.G. 2012. The ethics of anthropology and Amerindian research reporting on environmental degradation and warfare. Springer.

Chauí, M. 2000. Brasil: mito fundador e sociedade autoritária. Fundação Perseu Abramo.

Clingerman, F. 2014. Interpreting nature: the emerging field of environmental hermeneutics. Fordham University Press.

Constantino, P.A.L. 2015. Dynamics of Hunting Territories and Prey Distribution in Amazonian Indigenous Lands. Applied Geography, 56: 222-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.015.

Constantino, P.A.L.; Fortini, L.B.; Kaxinawa, F.R.S.; Kaxinawa, A.M.; Kaxinawa, E.S.; Kaxinawa, A.P.; Kaxinawa, L.S.; Kaxinawa, J.M. & Kaxinawa, J.P. 2008. Indigenous Collaborative Research for Wildlife Management in Amazonia: The Case of the Kaxinawá, Acre, Brazil. Biological Conservation, 141(11): 2718-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.008.

Cooper, C.; Larson, L.; Dayer, A.; Stedman, R. & Decker, D. 2015. Are wildlife recreationists conservationists? Linking hunting, birdwatching, and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Wildlife Management, 79(3): 446-57. DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.855.

Czech, B.; Krausman, P.R. & Borkhataria, R. 1998. Social Construction, Political Power, and the Allocation of Benefits to Endangered Species. Conservation Biology, 12(5): 1103-12. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97253.x.

Damania, R.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. & Crookes, D.J. 2005. A bioeconomic analysis of bushmeat hunting. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences, 272(1560): 259-66. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2945.

Decker, D.J.; Brown, T.L.; Vaske, J.J. & Manfredo, M.J. 2004. Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management. p. 187-98. In: Society and Natural Resources: A Summary of Knowledge. Manfredo, M.J.; Vaske, J.J.; Field, D.; Brown, P.J.; Bruyere, B.L. & Jefferson, MO: Modern Litho.

Descola, P. 1998. Estrutura ou sentimento: a relação com o animal na Amazônia. Mana, 4(1): 23-45. DOI:10.1590/S0104-93131998000100002.

———. 2003. Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives. 1o ed. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203451069.

Di Minin, E.; Macmillan, D.C.; Goodman, P.S.; Escott, B.; Slotow, R. & Moilanen, A. 2013. Conservation Businesses and Conservation Planning in a Biological Diversity Hotspot. Conservation Biology,27(4): 808-20. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12048.

Dickson, B. 2009. The ethics of recreational hunting. p.1-382. In: Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice, Dickson. Blackwell Pub. DOI: 10.1002/ 9781444303179.

Dickson, B.; Hutton, J. & Adams, W.M. 2009. Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice. Blackwell Pub. DOI: 10.1002/9781444303179.

Dietz, T. 2003. The Struggle to Govern the Commons. Science, 302(5652): 1907-12. DOI: 10.1126/science.1091015.

Ducarme, F.; Luque, G.M. & Courchamp, F. 2013. What are ‘charismatic species' for conservation biologists? Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon. BioSciences Master Reviews, 3: 8. DOI: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1052279.

Eddy, T.J.; Gallup, G.G. & Povinelli, D.J. 1993. Attribution of Cognitive States to Animals: Anthropomorphism in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1): 87-101. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00910.x.

Edney, J.J. 1981. Paradoxes on the Commons: Scarcity and the Problem of Equality. Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1): 3-34. DOI: 10.1002/1520-6629.

Eisenstadt, S.N. & Pereira, S.S. 2007. Múltiplas modernidades: ensaios. Livros Horizonte.

Elliott, C. 2016. How Canadians Communicate VI: Food Promotion, Consumption, and Controversy. Athabasca University Press.

Fall, M.W. & Jackson, W.B. 2002. The tools and techniques of wildlife damage management - Changing needs: An introduction. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 49(2-3): 87-91. DOI:10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00107-X.

Fisher, I.J.; Pain, D.J. & Thomas, V.G. 2006. A review of lead poisoning from ammunition sources in terrestrial birds. Biological Conservation, 131(3): 421-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.02.018.

Flynn, C. 2002. Hunting and Illegal Violence Against Humans and Other Animals: Exploring the Relationship. Society & Animals, 10(2): 137-54. DOI: 10.1163/156853002320292291.

Franklin, A. 2001. Neo-Darwinian Leisures, the Body and Nature: Hunting and Angling in Modernity. Body & Society, 7(4): 57-76. DOI: 10.1177/1357034X01007004004.

Garlick, S.; Matthews, J. & Carter, J. 2011. Countering brutality to wildlife, relationism and ethics: Conservation, welfare and the ‘ecoversity'. Animals, 1(1): 161-75. DOI: 10.3390/ani1010161.

Goddard, C.I.; Leonard, N.J.; Stang, D.L.; Wingate, P.J.; Rattner, B.A.; Franson, J.C. & Sheffield, S.R. 2008. Management Concerns about Known and Potential Impacts of Lead Use in Shooting and in Fishing Activities. Fisheries, 33(5): 228-36. DOI: 10.1577/1548-8446-33.5.228.

Goralnik, L. & Nelson, M.P. 2011. Framing a philosophy of environmental action: Aldo Leopold, John Muir, and the importance of community. Journal of Environmental Education, 42(3): 181-92. DOI:10.1080/00958964.2010.526152.

Grandy, J.W.; Stallman, E. & Macdonald, D.W. 2003. The Science and Sociology of Hunting: Shifting Practices and Perceptions in the United States and Great Britain. p.107-30 In: The state of the animals II: 2003, Salem, D.J. & Rowan, A.N. Humane Society Press.

Gray, M. & Coates, J. 2012. Environmental Ethics for Social Work: Social Work's Responsibility to the Non-Human World. International Journal of Social Welfare, 21(3): 239-47. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2397.2011.00852.x.

Groom, M.J.; Meffe, G.K. & Carroll, C.R. 2006. Principles of conservation biology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.

Guadagnin, D.L. & Gravato, I.C. 2013. Ethnobotany, Availability, and Use of Lianas by the Kaingang People in Suburban Forests in Southern Brazil. Economic Botany, 67(4): 350-62. DOI: 10.1007/s12231-013-9249-0.

Guadagnin, D.L.; Perelló, L.F.C. & Menegheti, J.O. 2007. A situação atual da caça de lazer e manejo de áreas úmidas no Rio Grande do Sul. Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 2(2): 63-70.

Gunn, A.S. 2001. Environmental Ethics and Trophy Hunting. Ethics & the Environment, 6(1): 68-95. DOI: 10.2979/ETE.2001.6.1.68.

Gürtler, R.E.; Izquierdo, V.M.; Gil, G.; Cavicchia, M. & Maranta, A. 2017. Coping with wild boar in a conservation area: impacts of a 10-year management control program in north-eastern Argentina. Biological Invasions, 19(1): 11-24. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1256-5.

Hanna, E. 2000. Fair Chase - The Future of Hunting? In 6th Symposium on North America's Hunting Heritage Premier's Symposium on North America's Hunting Heritage, 43. Ottawa.

Hannigan, J.A. 2000. Sociologia ambiental: a formação de uma perspectiva social. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget.

Hawken, I.F. & Granoff, I.M.E. 2010. People in Parks - Beyond the Debate. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 29(2-4): 110-21. DOI: 10.1080/10549810903543790.

Heberlein, T.A.; Ericsson, G. & Wollscheid, K.-U. 2002. Correlates of Hunting Participation in Europe and North America. Zeitschrift Für Jagdwissenschaft, 48(S1): 320-26. DOI: 10.1007/BF02192424.

Heberlein, T.A. & Willebrand, T. 1998. Attitudes toward hunting across time and continents: The United States and Sweden. Gibier faune sauvage, 15(3): 1071-1080.

Heffelfinger, J.R.; Geist, V. & Wishart, W. 2013. The Role of Hunting in North American Wildlife Conservation. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(3): 399-413. DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2013.800383.

Hladik, C.M.; Linares, O.F. & Unesco. 1993. Tropical forests, people and food: biocultural interactions and applications to development. Man and the biosphere series, v. 13. Paris: Carnforth; New York: UNESCO.

Hoed, R.D.C. 2017. Hunting for Food Citizenship: Food, Politics, and Discourses of the Wild. Dissertation. Calgary: University of Calgary. DOI: 10.11575/PRISM/26399.

Hone, J. 2007. Wildlife damage control. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.

Hull, R.B.; Richert, D.; Seekamp, E.; Robertson, D. & Buhyoff, G.J. 2003. Understandings of Environmental Quality: Ambiguities and Values Held by Environmental Professionals. Environmental Management, 31(1): 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s00267-002-2812-6.

Hursthouse, R. 2006. Applying virtue ethics to our treatment of other animals. p: 136-155. In: The practice of virtue: classic and contemporary readings in virtue ethics, Welchman, J. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub.

Hurth, V.; Stearns, P.; Edmonds, B.; Schectman, M.; Scialom, F.; Trebeck, K.; Thomas, D. et al. 2013. Consumption and identity. Friends of the Earth.

IUCN/PACO. 2009. Big game hunting in West Africa. What is its contribution to conservation? Gland: IUCN.

Jamieson, D. 2002. Morality's Progress: Essays on Humans, Other Animals, and the Rest of Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Jax, K. & Heink, U. 2015. Searching for the Place of Biodiversity in the Ecosystem Services Discourse. Biological Conservation, 191: 198-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.032.

Johnson, A. 1995. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Science, Aesthetics and Environmental Assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation, 4(7): 758-66. DOI: 10.1007/BF00158868.

Kellert, S.R. 1993. Attitudes, knowledge and behavior toward wildlife among the industrial superpowers: United States, Japan, and Germany. Journal of Social Issues, 49: 53-69. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00908.x.

———. 2008. Biophilia. p.: 247-51. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2.ed., Fath, B. Oxford: Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63768-0.00636-3.

Kellert, S.R.;Case, D.J.; Escher, D.; Witter, D.J.; Mikels-Carrasco, J. & Seng, P.T. 2017. The nature of Americans: Disconnection and Recommendations for Reconnection. National Report. Mishawaka, DJ Case & Associates.

King, R.J.H.; Bateson, P.; Eves, H.E.; Wolf, C.M.; Nelson, F.; Kerasote, T. & Yaich, S.C. 2005. The Ethics of Hunting. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(7): 392-97. DOI: 10.1890/1540- 9295(2005)003[0392:TEOH]2.0.CO;2.

Knopp, T.B. 1972. Environmental Determinants of Recreation Behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 4(2): 129-38. DOI: 10.1080/00222216.1972.11970069.

Kortenkamp, K.V. & Moore, C.F. 2001. Ecocentrism and anthropocentrism: Moral reasoning about ecological commons dilemmas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3): 261-72. DOI: 10.1006/jevp.2001.0205.

Leader-Williams, N. 2009. Conservation and Hunting: Friends or Foes? In Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice, 7-24. DOI: 10.1002/9781444303179.ch1.

Leahy, M.P.T. 1994. Against liberation: putting animals in perspective. Rev. pbk. ed. Routledge.

Lemelin, R.H. 2008. Tourism and the Consumption of Wildlife: Hunting, Shooting, and Sport Fishing. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3): 842-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2008.04.001.

Lexer, W.; Reimoser, F.; Hackl, J.; Heckl, F. & Forstner, M. 2005. Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Hunting - The Austrian Assessment Approach. Wildlife Biology in Practice, 1(2): 163-83. DOI: 10.2461/wbp.2005.1.20.

Lindsey, P.A.; Alexander, R.; Frank, L.G.; Mathieson, A. & Romañach, S.S. 2006. Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable. Animal Conservation, 9(3): 283-91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x.

Loveridge, A.J.; Reynolds, J.C. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. 2006. Does sport hunting benefit conservation? p. 224-240. In: Key Topics in Conservation Biology, Macdonald, D. & Service, K. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.

Macdonald, D.W.; Loveridge, A.J.; Dickman, A.; Johnson, P.J.; Jacobsen, K.S. & Du Preez, B. 2017. Lions, trophy hunting and beyond: knowledge gaps and why they matter. Mammal Review, 47(4): 247-53. DOI:10.1111/mam.12096.

Mace, G.M.; Possingham, H.P. & Leader-Williams, N. 2006. Prioritizing choices in conservation. In Conservation Biology, 13:17-34. 1. http://kar.kent.ac.uk/8717/.

Malhi, Y.; Gardner, T.A.; Goldsmith, G.R.; Silman, M.R. & Zelazowski, P. 2014. Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39(1): 125-59. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141.

Massei, G.; Kindberg, J.; Licoppe, A.; GaÄić, D.; Å prem, N.; Kamler, J.; Baubet, E. et al. 2015. Wild boar populations up, numbers of hunters down? A review of trends and implications for Europe. Pest

Management Science, 71(4): 492-500. DOI: 10.1002/ps.3965.

McNeely, J.A. 1988. Economics and biological diversity: developing and using economic incentives to conserve biological resources. Gland: IUCN.

Milbourne, P. 2003. Nature - Society - Rurality: Making Critical Connections. Sociologia Ruralis, 43(3): 193-95. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9523.00240.

Milner-Gulland, E.J. & Bennett, E.L. 2003. Wild Meat: The Bigger Picture. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(7): 351-57. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00123-X.

Morgan, J.M. & Hodgkinson, M. 1999. The Motivation and Social Orientation of Visitors Attending a Contemporary Zoological Park. Environment and Behavior, 31(2): 227-39. DOI:10.1177/00139169921972074.

Mullin, M.H. 1999. Mirrors and Windows: Sociocultural Studies of Human-Animal Relationships. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28(1): 201-24. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.201.

Munro, L. 1997. Framing Cruelty: The Construction of Duck Shooting as a Social Problem. Society & Animals, 5(2): 137-54. DOI: 10.1163/156853097X00042.

Nietschmann, B. 1972. Hunting and Fishing Focus among the Miskito Indians, Eastern Nicaragua. Human Ecology, 1(1): 41-67. DOI: 10.1007/BF01791280.

Opotow, S. 1993. Animals and the Scope of Justice. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1): 71-85.

Palazy, L.; Bonenfant, C.; Gaillard, J.M. & Courchamp, F. 2012. Rarity, Trophy Hunting and Ungulates: Rarity, Trophy Hunting and Ungulates. Animal Conservation, 15(1): 4-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00476.x.

Palmer, C. 2003. Placing Animals in Urban Environmental Ethics. Journal of Social Philosophy, 34(1): 64-78. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9833.00165.

———. 2010. Animal ethics in context. Columbia University Press.

Palmer, C.; McShane, K. & Sandler, R. 2014. Environmental Ethics. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39(1): 419-42. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-121112-094434.

Paul, E.S. 1996. The representation of animals on children's television. Anthrozoos, 9(4): 169-81. DOI: 10.2752/089279396787001400.

Peres, C.A. 2000. Effects of Subsistence Hunting on Vertebrate Community Structure in Amazonian Forests. Conservation Biology, 14(1): 240-53. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98485.x.

———. 2001. Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on amazonian forest vertebrates. Conservation Biology, 15(6): 1490-1505. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01089.x.

Pitte, MV. de, 2003. The Moral Basis for Policy Encouraging Sport Hunting. Journal of Social Philosophy, 34(2): 256-166.

Plous, S. 1993a. Psychological Mechanisms in the Human Use of Animals. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1): 11-52.

———. 1993b. The Role of Animals in Human Society. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1): 1-9.

Ramírez-Barajas, P. J. & Calmé, S. 2015. Subsistence Hunting and Conservation. p.: 333-351. In: Biodiversity and Conservation of the Yucatán Peninsula, organizado por Gerald Alexander Islebe, Sophie Calmé, Jorge L. León-Cortés e B. Schmook. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Redford, K.H.H. & Robinson, J.G. 1997. Usos comerciales y de subsistencia de la vida silvestre en America Latina. p. In: Uso y conservación de la vida silvestre neotropical, Robinson, J.G. & Redford, K.H. Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Redford, K.H. & Sanderson, S.E.E. 2000. Extracting humans from nature. Conservation Biology, 14(5): 1362-63.

Regan, T. 1992. Does Environmental Ethics Rest on a Mistake? Monist, 75(2): 161-82. DOI: 10.2307/3857936.

Regan, T. 2004. The case for animal rights. University of California Press.

Rival, L. 2012. The Materiality of Life: Revisiting the Anthropology of Nature in Amazonia. Indiana,29: 127-143. DOI: 10.18441/ind.v29i0.127-143.

Robinson, J.G. & Bennett, E.L. 2000. Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press.

———. 2004. Having your wildlife and eating it too: an analysis of hunting sustainability across tropical ecosystems. Animal Conservation, 7(4): 397-408. DOI: 10.1017/S1367943004001532.

Rosenberg, A.A.; Fogarty, M.J.; Sissenwine, M.P.; Beddington, J.R. & Shepherd, J.G. 1993. Achieving Sustainable Use of Renewable Resources. Science, 262(5135): 828-29. DOI: 10.1126/science.262.5135.828.

Ros-Tonen, M.A.F. 2000. The role of non-timber forest products in sustainable tropical forest management. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 58(3): 196-201. DOI: 10.1007/s001070050413.

Sanderson, E.W.; Jaiteh, M.; Levy, M.A.; Redford, K.H.; Wannebom A.V. & Woolmer, G. 2002. The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild. BioScience, 52(10): 891. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:THFATL]2.0.CO;2.

Scott, A.; Gilbert, A.; Gelan, A. & Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. 2007. The Urban-Rural Divide: Myth or Reality? Aberdeen: Macaulay Institute. Sinclair, A.R.E.; Fryxell, J.M. & Caughley, G. 2006. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management. Vol. 2. Blackwell Science.

Singer, P. 1990. Animal liberation: the definitive classic of the animal movement. Harper Perennial.

Smith, D.A. 2005. Garden Game: Shifting Cultivation, Indigenous Hunting and Wildlife Ecology in Western Panama. Human Ecology, 33(4): 505-37. DOI: 10.1007/s10745-005-5157-Y.

Sofranko, A.J. & Nolan, M.F. 2009. Early Life Experiences and Adult Sports Participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(3): 425-37. DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2009.11950182.

Soron, D. 2010. Sustainability, self-identity and the sociology of consumption. Sustainable Development, 18(3): 172-81. DOI: 10.1002/sd.457.

Stanley, D.; Voeks, R. & Short, L. 2012. Is Non-Timber Forest Product Harvest Sustainable in the Less Developed World ? A Systematic Review of the Recent Economic and Ecological Literature. Ethnobiology and Conservation, 1: 1-39.

Sunderlin, W.D. 2003. Ideology, social theory, and the environment. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Sutherland, W.J. 2001. Sustainable exploitation: a review of principles and methods. Wildlife Biology, 7(3): 131-40.

Taylor, D.E. 2000. The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm: Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(4): 508-80. DOI:10.1177/0002764200043004003.

Ticktin, T. 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. Journal of Applied

Ecology, 41(1): 11-21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00859.x.

Tovey, H. 2003. Theorising Nature and Society in Sociology: The Invisibility of Animals. Sociologia Ruralis, 43(3): 196-215. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9523.00241.

Treves, A. 2009. Hunting for large carnivore conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(6): 1350-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01729.x.

Van Vliet, N.; Cruz, D.; Quiceno-Mesa, M.P.; de Aquino, L.J.N.; Moreno, J.; Ribeiro, R. & Fa, J. 2015. Ride, shoot, and call: Wildlife use among contemporary urban hunters in três Fronteiras, Brazilian Amazon. Ecology and Society, 20(3). DOI: 10.5751/ES-07506-200308.

Vantassel, S. 2008. Ethics of Wildlife Control in Humanized Landscapes: A Response. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 23(23): 294-300.

Wagner, P. 2010. Multiple Trajectories of Modernity: Why Social Theory Needs Historical Sociology. Thesis Eleven, 100(1): 53-60. DOI: 10.1177/0725513609353705.

Wall, B. & Child, B. 2009. When Does Hunting Contribute to Conservation and Rural Development? In Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice, 253-65. DOI:10.1002/9781444303179.ch15.

Weinert, F. 2005. The Concept of Nature. In The Scientist as Philosopher. Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries, 9-74. Springer-Verlag. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27031-0_2.

Wilson, M.S. & Peden, E. 2015. Aggression and hunting attitudes. Society and Animals, 23(1): 3-23. DOI:10.1163/15685306-12341341.

Wood Jr., F. 1997. The delights and dilemmas of hunting: the hunting versus anti-hunting debate. Lanham, MA: University Press of America.

Zinn, H.C.; Manfredo, M.J.; Vaske, J.J. & Wittmann, K. 1998. Using normative beliefs to determine the acceptability of wildlife management actions. Society & Natural Resources, 11(7): 649-62. DOI:10.1080/08941929809381109.

Downloads

Publicado

2018-08-03

Edição

Seção

Caça: subsídios para a gestão de unidades de conservação e manejo de espécies (v. 2)