Thirty years international wildland fire conferences

review and achievements of a circumglobal journey from Boston to Campo Grande

Authors

  • Johann Goldammer Global Fire Monitoring Center/GFMC, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and Freiburg University, Freiburg, German

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v11i2.1743

Keywords:

Landscape fire policies, landscape fire management, international cooperation

Abstract

In 1989, the International Wildland Fire Conferences (IWFCs) were launched as a platform for sharing knowledge and expertise in wildland (landscape) fire science, management, capacity building and policy development. Three decades have passed between the First International Wildland Fire Conference in Boston, United States of America, in 1989, and the Seventh International Wildland Fire Conference in Campo Grande, Brazil, in 2019. During these three decades the international fire regimes - sensu lato defined as the ecological, managerial and policy regimes - have evolved under the influence of global population growth, socio-economic developments and climate change - a period during which the Earth system has undergone the most rapid changes in history and prehistory. This paper reviews exemplary of actors, which were involved in, and followed-up the recommendations of the IWFCs with emphasis on their activities between the conferences. During this circumglobal journey between Boston and Campo Grande regional to global networking have furthered the culture of international cooperation in fire management at the Science-Policy-Practitioners Interface (SPPI). Recent observations reveal that climate change and socio-economic developments are changing fire regimes globally. This trend is associated with an increasing vulnerability of society and the environment to wildfires as well as to excessive application of fire in land use and landuse change. It is timely to revisit the attempts of developing a global agreement on landscape fire management.

References

Ahern F, Goldammer JG, Justice C (Eds.) 2001. Global and regional vegetation fire monitoring from space: Planning a coordinated international effort. SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands, 302 p.

Andreae MO, Fishman J, Lindesay J 1996 (Eds.). The Southern Tropical Atlantic Region Experiment (STARE): Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE A) and Southern African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative (SAFARI). Special issues J. Geophys. Res. 101, No. D19: 23,519-24,330.

Canadian Forest Service. 2019. The Global Fire Early Warning System (Global Fire EWS) <https://gfmc.online/gwfews/index-12.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Clark JS, Cachier H, Goldammer JG, Stocks BJ (Eds.). 1997. Sediment records of biomass burning and global change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 489 p.

Crutzen PJ, Goldammer JG (Eds.). 1993. Fire in the environment: The ecological, atmospheric, and climatic importance of vegetation fires. Dahlem Workshop Reports. Environmental Sciences Research Report 13. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 400 p.

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). 2019. Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) <https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/CKB/CAMS%3A+Global+Fire+Assimilation+System+%28GFAS%29+data+documentation>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

European Commission. 2018. Forest fires - Sparking firesmart policies in the EU. Research & Innovation Projects for Policy (N Faivre, Ed.). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Climate Action and Resource Efficiency. Luxembourg: tions Office of the European Union: 48 p, doi:10.2777/248004

European Commission. 2019a. The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) <https://www.copernicus.eu/en/european-forest-fire-information-system>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

European Commission. 2019b. The Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS) <https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

European Commission. 2019c. EU Civil Protection Mechanism <https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/mechanism_en>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 1999. FAO Meeting on Policies Affecting Forest Fires. FAO Forestry Paper 138, 369 p. <http://www.fao.org/3/x2095e/x2095e00.htm). Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 2001a. Follow-up Report to FAO/ITTO International Expert Meeting on Forest Fire Management, March 2001 (based on the work of Robert W. Mutch and M. Bors), 39p. <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/FAO-ITTO-Follow-Up.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 2001b. Global Forest Fire Assessment 1990-2000. FAO Working Paper 55 <http://www.fao.org/3/AD653E/AD653E00.htm. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 2002. Guidelines on Fire Management in Temperate and Boreal Forests. Forest Protection Working Papers, Working Paper FP/1/E (FAO and GFMC, coord.). Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 2006a. Global Forest Fire Assessment 2005. FAO Forestry Paper 147 <http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2005/en/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 2006b. Fire management strategy <http://www.fao.org/forestry/firemanagement/strategy/en/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 2006c. Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines, details in FAO <http://www.fao.org/forestry/firemanagement/92268/en/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 2006d. Global Assessment of Fire Management <http://www.fao.org/3/A0969E/A0969E00.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

FAO. 2007. Fire Management Action Alliance. <http://www.fao.org/forestry/firealliance/en/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). 2019. <http://www.globalfiredata.org/index.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 1994. Proposal for a Possible Role of the UN System in Fire Research and Wildfire Disaster Management. Statement delivered at the UN-IDNDR World Conference for Natural Disaster Reduction, held in Yokohama, Japan, 23-27 May 1994 <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/Yokohama-Declaration.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 1995. Declaration of the 1995 Chapman Conference "Biomass Burning and Global Change", 13-17 March 1995, Williamsburg, Virginia (USA), on Global Vegetation and Fire Inventories <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/WILLIAMSBURG-DECLARATION.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 1997. Wildland Fire '97 - Recommendations <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/Wildlandfire-97-Outputs.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2003a. The 3rd International Conference Wildland Fire - 3-6 October 2003, Sydney, Australia. <https://gfmc.online/iwfc/3-IWFC.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2003b. International Wildland Fire Summit "Fire Management and Sustainable Development: Strengthening international cooperation to reduce the negative impacts of wildfires on humanity and the global environment", Sydney, Australia, 8 October 2003. <https://gfmc.online/iwfc/summit_2003-introduction.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2003c. Special Issue on the International Wildland Fire Summit, Sydney, Australia, 8 October 2003. International Forest Fire News No. 29. <https://gfmc.online/iffn/iffn_29/content29.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004a. Foundation Meeting of the Regional Northeast Asia Wildland Fire Network in conjunction with the North East Asia Forest Fire International Symposium (Seoul, Korea, 5-6 March 2004). https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/Northeast-Asia/Northeastasia_7b.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004b. Conference on Forest Fire Management and International Cooperation in Fire Emergencies in the Eastern Mediterranean, Balkans and adjoining Regions of the Near East and Central Asia (Antalya, Turkey, 30 March - 3 April 2004 <https://gfmc.online/course/meeting/meet2004_05.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004c. Regional Baltic Wildland Fire Network Meeting (10 May 2004). Helsinki Declaration on Cooperation in Wildland Fire Management in the Baltic Region. < https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/balticregion/RWFN-Baltic-Helsinki-2004-Declaration-6-final.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004d. The Regional South America Wildland Fire Network Foundation Meeting (Curitiba, Brazil, 14-17 June 2004). <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/southamerica/SouthAmerica_0.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004e. Central America and the Caribbean and Western Hemispheric Wildland Fire Conference (Costa Rica, 23 October 2004) <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/Panamerica/Panamerican-Conference.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004f. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2004 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2004.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004g. Regional Central Asia Wildland Fire Network <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/CentralAsia/CentralAsia_0.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004h. Special Issue - The ISDR Global Wildland Fire Network. Int. Forest Fire News No. 31 <https://gfmc.online/iffn/iffn_31/content31.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2004i. The International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) <https://gfmc.online/intro/insarag.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2005a. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2005 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2005.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2005b. Framework for the Development of the International Wildland Fire Accord Rationale, Status and Future Activities. <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/Global-Wildland-Fire-Framework-12-April-2005.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2006b. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2006 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2006.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2006a. Website on cooperation between FAO and GFMC in the Global Forest Assessment 2005 - Regional Fire Reports and Global Fire Management Assessment <https://gfmc.online/programmes/un/fao/fao_5.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2007a. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2007 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2007.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2007b. Cooperation between GFMC and FAO (2005-2007): Development of a non-legally binding Strategy to Enhance International Cooperation in Fire Management. <https://gfmc.online/programmes/un/fao/fao.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2007c. 4th International Wildland Fire Conference, Sevilla, 17 May 2007. <https://gfmc.online/iwfc/sevilla-2007.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2007d. 4th International Wildland Fire Conference, Sevilla, 17 May 2007. Conference Statement. <https://gfmc.online/sevilla-2007/Conference-Statement-en.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2007e. Special Issue on the 4th International Wildland Fire Conference, Sevilla, 13-17 May 2007. International Forest Fire News No. 36. <https://gfmc.online/iffn/iffn_36/content36.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2008. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2008 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2008.html >. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2009. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2009 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2009.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2010. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2010 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2010.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2011a. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2011 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2011.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2011b. Websites of the 5th International Wildland Fire Conference <https://gfmc.online/iwfc/southafrica-2011.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2011c. International Forest Fire News, Special Issue: The 5th International Wildland Fire Conference, South Africa, 2011. <https://gfmc.online/iffn/iffn_41/content41.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2011a. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2011 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2011.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2012. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2013 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2012.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2013a. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2013 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2013.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2013b. UNECE/FAO Regional Forum on Cross-boundary Fire Management (2013) <https://gfmc.online/iwpm/index-7.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2014a. The UNECE/FAO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire (1981-2014) <https://gfmc.online/intro/team.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2014b. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2014 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2014.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2014c. Report on Follow-up of the UNECE/FAO Regional Forum on Cross-boundary Fire Management, Geneva, 28-29 November 2013: Strategy Paper, prepared by the UNNECE / FAO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire / UNISDR Wildland Fire Advisory Group / Global Wildland Fire Network (internal paper submitted to UNECE on 11 December 2014).

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2014d. Report on the Implementation of the UNECE/FAO Regional Forum on Cross-boundary Fire Management, Geneva, 28-29 November 2013: The International Wildfire Preparedness Mechanism (IWPM) Global Fire Monitoring Center (GMFC), prepared by the UNNECE / FAO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire / UNISDR Wildland Fire Advisory Group / Global Wildland Fire Network, 21 December 2014 <https://gfmc.online/iwpm/International-Wildfire-Preparedness-IWPM-Brief.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2014e. International Wildfire Preparedness Mechanism (IWPM) website <https://gfmc.online/iwpm/index-7.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2014f. Tools of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) for advising / supporting nations and the United Nations in Capacity Building in Landscape Fire Management and Wildfire Disaster Risk Reduction <https://gfmc.online/iwpm/tools-3.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2015a. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2015 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2015.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2015b. Websites of the 6th International Wildland Fire Conference <https://gfmc.online/iwfc/korea-2015.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2015c. Special Issue on the 6th International Wildland Fire Conference, Pyeongchang, 12-16 October 2015. International Forest Fire News No. 45 <https://gfmc.online/iffn/iffn_45/content45.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2016. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2016 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2016.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2017a. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2017 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalNet/activities/2017.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2017b.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2018. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2018 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalnet/activities/2018.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2019a. Website of the International Wildland Fire Conferences <https://gfmc.online/conferences/iwfc.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2019b. GFMC website. <https://gfmc.online/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2019c. Activities of the Global Wildland Fire Network in 2019 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalnet/activities/2019.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2019d. GFMC and the European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA) <https://gfmc.online/programmes/europe-org/coe.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2019e. OSCE and GFMC Activities in Southeast Europe, Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, and Central Asia 2006-2019 <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/seeurope/SEEurope_8.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). 2019f. Report of the Independent Committee tasked to analyze the Underlying Causes and Explore the Perspectives for the Future Management of Landscape Fires in Greece. Report to the Government of Greece, based on the Ministerial Decision Υ60 (Gov. Gaz. 3937/Β/2018), co-authored by J.G. Goldammer. G.A. Xanthopoulos, G. Eftychidis, G. Mallinis, I. Mitsopoulos and A. Dimitrakopoulos.G. Goldammer <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/FLFM-Greece-Committee-Report-07-February-2019.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Global Wildland Fire Network (GWFN). 2019. <https://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/globalnet.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

GOFC-GOLD. 2019. GOFC-GOLD Fire Implementation Team website <https://gofcgold.org/gofcgold-fire-implementation-team>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Goldammer JG (Ed.) 1990. Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.

Goldammer JG. UN-ISDR Wildland Fire Advisory Group / Global Wildland Fire Network. First Meeting, GFMC, Freiburg, Germany, 3-4 December 2004. Recommendations of the First Meeting in support of the Framework for the Development of the International Wildland Fire Accord (International Accord on Cooperation in Wildland Fire Management). Int. Forest Fire News No. 31: 104-107, 2004a.

Goldammer JG. The Global Wildland Fire Network and the FAO Ministerial Meeting on Forest: Towards an International Accord on Cooperation in Wildland Fire Management. Int. Forest Fire News No. 31: 1-3, 2004b.

Goldammer JG. 2006a. History of equatorial vegetation fires and fire research in Southeast Asia before the 1997-98 episode. A Reconstruction of Creeping Environmental Changes. Special Issue: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12, 13-32. DOI: 10.1007/s11027-006-9044-7.

Goldammer JG. 2013. Vegetation Fires and Global Change. Challenges for Concerted International Action. A White Paper directed to the United Nations and International Organizations. Kessel Publishing House, Remagen-Oberwinter, 398 p. (ISBN 978-3-941300-78-1) <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/Vegetation-Fires-Global-Change-UN-White-Paper-GFMC-2013.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Goldammer JG. 2006b. Review of International Cooperation in Fire Management. FAO Fire Management Working Paper FM18, 45 p. <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/Review-Int-Coop-Fire-Mgmt-FAO-J9406E00.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Goldammer JG, Furyaev VV (Eds.) 1996. Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, 528 pp.

Goldammer JG, Sukhinin A, Csiszar I. 2003. The Current Fire Situation in the Russian Federation: Implications for Enhancing International and Regional Cooperation in the UN Framework and the Global Programs on Fire Monitoring and Assessment. International Forest Fire News No. 29: 89-109. <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/Russian-Federation-2003-3.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

International Fire Aviation Working Group (IFAWG). 2019. IFAWG website <http://www.ifawg.org/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

International Liaison Committee (ILC). 2018. The International Liaison Committee (ILC)

of the International Wildland Fire Conferences (IWFC) Charter. Revised Version without Technical Annexes. 22 October 2018. <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/ILC-Charter-Public-22-October-2018.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG). 2019. INSARAG Website <https://www.insarag.org/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). 1997. ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests. ITTO Policy Development Series No.6. ITTO, Yokohama, 40 p. (J.G. Goldammer, senior author) <https://gfmc.online/programmes/itto/itto_start.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO). 2018. Global Fire Challenges in a Warming World. Robinne F-N, Burns J, Kant P, de Groot B, Flannigan MD, Kleine M, Wotton DM (eds.). Occasional Paper No. 32. IUFRO, Vienna

Kasischke ES, Stocks BJ (eds.). 2000. Fire, climate change, and carbon cycling in the boreal forest. Ecological Studies 138, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 461 p.

LANDWORKS. 2019. Working with people in the landscape <http://landworksnpc.com/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Levine JS (Ed.) 1996. Biomass burning and global change. Vol. I and II. The MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.

National Congress of Brazil. 2018a. Projeto de Lei 11276/2018 - Institui a Política Nacional de Manejo Integrado do Fogo <https://www.camara.leg.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=2190265>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

NASA. 2019a. Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) <https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

NASA. 2019b. Worldview tool of NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) <https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Portuguese Republic. 2018. Decreto-Lei n.º 12/2018 de 16 de fevereiro 2018: criação da Agência para a Gestão Integrada de Fogos Rurais (AGIF). Diário da República, 1.ª série — N.º 34 — 16 de fevereiro de 2018 <http://www.sg.pcm.gov.pt/media/33072/lo_sgpcm_alt.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Pyne S. 2015. The Pyrocene <http://www.stephenpyne.com/disc.htm>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Republic of Korea 2015. Statement at the High-Level Segment, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP 21, Paris, Republic of Korea, December 2015 <https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/paris_nov_2015/application/pdf/cop21cmp11_hls_speech_rep_korea.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Schwela DH, Goldammer JG, Morawska LH, Simpson O (Eds.). 1999. Health Guidelines for Vegetation Fire Events. Guideline document. Published on behalf of UNEP, WHO, and WMO. Institute of Environmental Epidemiology, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore. Double Six Press, Singapore, 291p. <https://gfmc.online/programmes/un/who/who.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UNDRR. 2019. Sendai Voluntary Commitments (SVC) - The International Wildfire Preparedness Mechanism (IWPM) <https://sendaicommitments.undrr.org/commitments/20190222_001>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UNECE/FAO/ILO 1996. UNECE/FAO/ILO Seminar on Forest, Fire, and Global Change (4-9 August 1996, Shushenskoe, Russian Federation). <https://gfmc.online/iffn/org/ecefao/ece_3.html>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UNEP/OCHA 2014. Tools of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) for advising / supporting nations and the United Nations in Capacity Building in Landscape Fire Management and Wildfire Disaster Risk Reduction GFMC <https://www.eecentre.org/?s=GFMC>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UN General Assembly (UNGA). 2003. UN General Assembly Resolution 57/150 "Strengthening the effectiveness and coordination of international urban search and rescue assistance" (19 December 2002). <https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/57/150>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UNISDR 2000a. Inter-Agency Task Force for Disaster Reduction (IATF). <https://www.unisdr.org/2005/task-force/tf-functions-responsibilities-eng.htm>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UNISDR 2000b. Working Group on Wildland Fire (Working Group 4 - WG-4). <https://www.unisdr.org/2005/task-force/tf-working-groups4-eng.htm>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UNISDR 2001. 4th Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) Meeting, Geneva, 15-16 November 2001: Results of the Initial Meeting of Working Group 4 on Wildland Fires (WG-4) <https://www.unisdr.org/2005/task-force/tf-meetigns/4th%20TF%20mtg/TF-4_WG4_report.doc>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

UNSG Ban Ki-moon. 2011. Message to the Fifth International Wildland Fire Conference <https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2011-05-10/secretary-generals-message-fifth-international-wildland-fire>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

USDA Forest Service. (2003) International Arrangements on the Sharing of Wildland Fire Suppression Resources between the United States of America and Australia and New Zealand. Int. Forest Fire News No. 29: 59-61 <http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/iffn_29/USA-Australia-NZ-Int-Arrangements.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

van Wilgen B, Andreae MO, Goldammer JG, Lindesay J (Eds.). 1997. Fire in Southern African savannas. Ecological and atmospheric perspectives. The University of Witwatersrand Press, Johannesburg, South Africa, 256 p.

West A 1990. Overview comments, p.5. In: Proceedings of the International Wildland Fire Conference in Boston: The People, the Lands, the Resources (Boston, Massachusetts, 23-26 July 1989), 96 p. <https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/First-Int-Wildland-Fire-Conference-Boston-1989-Proceedings.pdf>. Accessed on: 30/09/2019.

Xanthopoulos G, Dimitrakopoulos A, Eftychidis G, Mallinis G, Mitsopoulos I, Goldammer JG. A year after Greece's wildfire disaster. J. Crisis Response 14 (4): 26-30. 2019.

Published

2021-05-07

Issue

Section

7th International Wildland Fire Conference

Most read articles by the same author(s)