Incendio Compromete Recuperación de Bosque Manejado en Bosque Nacional Tapajós, Amazonía Oriental, Brasil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v12i2.1972Palabras clave:
Incendio forestal, composición florística, reclutamiento de árboles, Gestión de bosques, exploración de bajo impactoResumen
Los bosques sometidos a tala selectiva de madera son más propensos a incendios, cambios en la composición de especies y pérdidas de biodiversidad. En este estudio, se evaluaron los cambios en la estructura horizontal y la composición de especies de un bosque manejado en el Bosque Nacional Tapajós, Amazonía Oriental, Brasil, durante 31 años (1981 a 2012). Las perturbaciones incluyeron tala (1982), raleo de especies no comerciales (1993/1994) y incendio (1997). Los datos se obtuvieron en 36 parcelas permanentes de 0,25ha, con 12 parcelas para cada uno de los tres tratamientos: tala selectiva + aclareo ligero de especies no comerciales, tala selectiva + aclareo intenso de especies no comerciales y área de control, agregándose a la tratamientos la ocurrencia o no de un incendio forestal. PERMANOVA, considerando la relación entre los ejes NMDS y la variable tratamiento (explotación/control + ocurrencia de fuego/no fuego), indicó diferencia en la composición de especies, entre los tratamientos antes del incendio (1995) y 15 años después del incendio (2012). En ninguno de los tratamientos hubo pérdida de diversidad, pero los resultados mostraron que los bosques explotados con antecedentes de fuerte raleo presentaron mayores pérdidas en área basal y cambios en la composición de especies, con un aumento en la densidad de individuos de especies pioneras, especialmente entre los árboles más pequenos.
Citas
Amaral MRM, Lima AJN, Higuchi FG, Santos J, Higuchi N. Dynamics of tropical forest twenty-five years after experimental logging in Central Amazon mature forest. Forests, 10:.89-106, 2019.
Anderson, MJ. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology, 26:32-46, 2001.
APG. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181: 1-20, 2016.
Barlow, J.; et al. Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation. Nature, 535(1): 1-16, 2016.
Buajan S, LIU JF, He ZS, Feng XP, Muhammad A. Effects of gap size and locations on the regeneration of Castonipsis kawakamii in a subtropical natural forest, China. Journal of Tropical of Forest Science, 30: 39-48, 2018.
Condé TM, Higuchi N, Lima AJN. Illegal selective logging and forest fires in in the Northern Brazilian Amazon. Forests, 10: 61, 2019.
Condé TM, Tonini H. Fitossociologia de uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa na Amazônia Setentrional, Roraima, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 43(3): 247-260, 2013.
Costa NSL, Jardim FCS, Gomes JM, Dionisio LFS, Schwartz G. Responses in growth and dynamics of the shade-tolerant species Theobroma subincanum to logging gaps in the Eastern Amazon. Forest Systems, 29: e003, 2020.
Andrade DFC, Ruschel AR, Schwartz G, Carvalho JOP, Humphries S, Gama JRV. Forest resilience to fire in eastern Amazon depends on the intensity of pre-fire disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management, 472: 118258, 2020.
Avila AL. Medium-term dynamics of tree species composition in response to silvicultural intervention intensities in a tropical rain forest. Biological Conservation, 191: 577-586, 2015.
Avila AL. Recruitment growth and recovery of commercial tree species over 30 years following logging and thinning in a tropical rain forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 385: 225-235, 2017.
Avila AL, et al. Disturbance intensity is a stronger driver of biomass recovery than remaining tree - community attributes in a managed Amazonian forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55:1647-1657, 2018.
Carvalho JOP. Changes in the floristic composition of a terra firme rain forest in Brazilian Amazonia over an eight-year period in response to logging. Acta Amazonica, 32(2): 277-291, 2002.
Oliveira JR, et al. Chemical analysis of rainfall and throughfall in the Tapajós National Forest. Belterra. Pará. Brazil. Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied, 10(2): 263-285, 2015.
Dionisio LFS, Schwartz G, Lopes JC, Oliveira FA. Growth, mortality, and recruitment of tree species in an Amazonian rainforest over 13 years of reduced impact logging. Forest Ecology and Management, 430: 150-156, 2018.
Dionisio LFS, Schwartz G, Lopes JC, Santos GGA, Oliveira FA. Mortality of stocking commercial trees after reduced impact logging in eastern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 401: 1-7, 2017.
Dykstra DP. Has reduced-impact logging outlived its usefulness? Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 24(1): 1-4, 2012.
Fisher RA, Corbet AS, Williams CB. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 12(1): 42-58, 1943.
Gonçalves FG, Santos JR. Composição florística e estrutura de uma unidade de manejo florestal sustentável na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Pará. Acta Amazonica, 38(2): 229-244, 2008.
Hervé M. RVAideMemoire: Diverse basic statistical and graphical functions - R package version 0.9-77. CRAN R package repositor. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RVAideMemoire/RVAideMemoire.pdf. Accessed in: February 10th 2020.
Holmes TP, Blate GM, Zweede JC, Pereira Junior R, Barreto P, Boltz F. 2002. Custos e benefícios financeiros da exploração de impacto reduzido em comparação à exploração florestal convencional na Amazônia Oriental (2º. ed.). Fundação Floresta Tropical, 66p.
Jardim FCS. Natural regeneration in tropical forests. Revista Ciências Agrárias, 58(1): 105-113, 2015.
Karsten RJ, Jovanovic M, Meilby H, Perales M, Reynel C. Regeneration in canopy gaps of tierra-firme forest in the Peruvian Amazon: Comparing reduced impact logging and natural, unmanaged forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 310: 663-671, 2013.
Krebs CJ. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper Collins Publishers, 654p.
Lindenmayer, D. B.; Westgate, M. J.; Scheele, B. C.; Foster, C. N.; Blair, D. P. Key perspectives on early successional forests subject to stand-replacing disturbances. Forest Ecology and Management, 454: 117656, 2019.
Lopes JC, Withmore TC, Brown ND, Jennings SB. 2001. Efeito da exploração florestal nas populações de mudas em uma floresta tropical úmida no município de Moju, PA. p. 203-226. In: Silva JNM, Carvalho JOP, Yared JAG. A silvicultura na Amazônia Oriental: contribuições do Projeto Embrapa/DFID. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, 459p.
Mouillot, D, et al. Rare Species Support Vulnerable Functions in High-Diversity Ecosystems. PLoS Biology, 11(5): e1001569, 2013.
Nóbrega, C. C.; Brando, P.M.; Silvério, D.V.; Maracahipes, L.; Marco Jr. P. Effects of experimental fires on the phylogenetic and functional diversity of woody species in a neotropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 450: 117497, 2019.
O'Brien MJP, O'Brien CM. 1995. Ecologia e modelamento de florestas tropicais. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, 400p.
Oksanen J, et al. Package ‘vegan' community ecology package. CRAN R package repositor. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vegan.pdf. Accessed in: February 10th 2020.
Oliveira LC, Couto HTZ, Silva JNM, Carvalho JOP. Efeito da exploração de madeira e tratamentos silviculturais na composição florística e diversidade de espécies em uma área de 136 ha na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Belterra. Scientia Forestalis, 69: 62-76, 2005.
Pinheiro KAO, Carvalho JOP, Quanz B, Francez LMB, Schwartz G. Fitossociologia de uma área de preservação permanente no leste da Amazônia: indicação de espécies para recuperação de áreas alteradas. Floresta, 37(2): 175-187. 2007.
Pokorny B, Sabogal C, Silva JNM, Bernardo P, Souza J, Zweede J. Compliance with reduced impact harvesting guidelines by timber enterprises in terra firme forests of the Brazilian Amazon. International Forestry Review, 7(1): 9-20, 2005.
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org. Accessed in: February 10th 2020.
Reflora. Herbário Virtual - Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at: https://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/herbarioVirtual/. Accessed in: February 10th 2018.
Sabogal C, Silva J, Zweede J, Pereira Júnior R, Barreto P, Guerreiro C. 2000. Diretrizes técnicas para a exploração de impacto reduzido em operações florestais de terra firme na Amazônia brasileira. Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. 24p.
Sato LY, et al. Post-fire changes in forest biomass retrieved by airborne LiDAR in Amazonia. Remote Sensing, 8(10): 1-15, 2016.
Schwartz G, Lopes JCA. 2015. Logging in the Brazilian Amazon forest: the challenges of reaching sustainable future cutting cycles, p. 113-138. In: Daniels JA. (org.), Advances in Environmental Research. Nova Publishers, 163p.
Silva JNM, et al. 2005, Diretrizes para instalação e medição de parcelas permanentes em florestas naturais da Amazônia Brasileira. EMBRAPA-CPATU, 64p.
Swaine MD, Whitmore TC. On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests. Vegetatio, 75(1-2): 81-86, 1988.
Taylor LR, Kempton RA, Woiwod IP. Diversity statistics and the log-series model. Journal of Animal Ecology, 45: 255-272, 1976.
Ter Steege H. et al. Hyperdominance in the Amazonian tree flora. Science, 342(6156): 1243092, 2013
Trumbore S, Brando P, Hartmann H. Forest health and global change. Science, 349(6250): 814-818, 2015.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Biodiversidade Brasileira - BioBrasil
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Os artigos estão licenciados sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). O acesso é livre e gratuito para download e leitura, ou seja, é permitido copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer mídia ou formato.
