Identificação e Classificação de Patógenos com Risco Potencial de Impactar as Populações de Cetáceos Marinhos, como Critério para Efetivação de Ações de Conservação: Revisão de Literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v13i4.2271Palavras-chave:
Agente infeccioso, causa mortis, causa mortis, diagnóstico, epidemia, mortalidadeResumo
Os planos de ação nacional de espécies ameaçadas de extinção no Brasil vêm sendo uma importante ferramenta de gestão para a conservação. O planejamento de ações voltadas para os cetáceos iniciou-se em 1997, porém, apesar das questões relacionadas à saúde dos cetáceos já sinalizarem uma preocupação desde o início, somente no atual ciclo (2019-2024) ações específicas para a identificação de patógenos foram incluídas. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento dos patógenos com potencial de impacto aos cetáceos marinhos no Brasil, incluindo aqueles já relatados no país e os que podem vir a ser identificados. O levantamento de trabalhos foi realizado em múltiplas plataformas e sem restrição de período, no entanto não foi uma busca com base em abordagem sistemática. Foram identificados vírus, bactérias, fungos e parasitas com potencial de impacto, podendo afetar a longevidade, reprodução ou causar a mortalidade das espécies, além de alguns possuírem potencial zoonótico. O levantamento elucida a diversidade de patógenos que podem acometer os cetáceos, assim como serve de base para monitoramentos de parâmetros de saúde da fauna marinha frente à preocupação dos cenários futuros relacionados às doenças emergentes. Com isso, conclui-se que para a conservação dos cetáceos no Brasil é importante a realização do estudo de revisão, como uma baseline para a identificação de patógenos que possam afetar as populações de cetáceos no país. Além disso, incentivar à implementação de diagnósticos de doenças nos espécimes acessados pelas instituições de pesquisa, sempre reportando a informação para orientar o manejo e a conservação desses mamíferos.
Referências
Abdo W, et al. Disseminated mycosis in a killer whale (Orcinus orca). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 24(1): 211-218, 2012a.
Abdo W, et al. Pulmonary zygomycosis with Cunninghamella bertholletiae in a killer whale (Orcinus orca). Journal of Comparative Pathology. 147(1), :94–99, 2012b.
Ahmadpour E, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in marine animal species, as a potential source of food contamination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Parasitologica, 67(2): 592-605, 2022.
Arbelo M, et al. Herpes virus infection associated with interstitial nephritis in a beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). BMC Veterinary Research, 8(243): 1-7, 2012.
Attademo FLN, et al. Retrospective survey for pathogens in stranded marine mammals in Northeastern brazil: Brucella spp. infection in a Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 54(1): 151-155, 2018.
Baquero F, Coque TM, Martínez JL, Aracil-Gisbert S, Lanza VF. Gene transmission in one health microsphere and channels of antimicrobial resistence. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10:(2892): 1-14, 2019.
Best PB, McCully RM. Zygomycosis (phycomycosis) in a right whale (Eubalaena australis). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 8(3): 341-348, 1979.
Bharti AR, et al. Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3(12): 757–771, 2003.
Blanchard TW, Santiago NT, Lipscomb TP, Garber RL, McFee WE, Knowles S. Two novel alphaherpesviruses associated with fatal disseminated infections in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37(2): 297–305, 2001.
Bonar CJ, Wagner RA. A third report of ‘golf ball disease’ in an Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) associated with Streptococcus Iniae. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 34(3): 296–301, 2003.
Bossart GD. Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health. Veterinary Pathology, 48(3): 676–690, 2011.
Bossart GD, et al. Clinicoimmunopathologic findings in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus with positive cetacean morbillivirus antibody titers. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 97(2): 103-112, 2011.
Bossart GD. Emerging diseases in marine mammals: from dolphins to manatees. Microbe, 2(11): 544-549, 2007.
Carvalho VL. 2009. Parasitos metazoários de cetáceos da costa nordeste do Brasil. Dissertação (Mestrado em Reprodução e Sanidade Animal). Universidade Estadual do Ceará. 80p.
Carvalho VL, et al. Metazoan parasites of cetaceans off the northeastern coast of Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 173(1–2): 116-122, 2010.
Cilia G, Bertelloni F, Albini S, Fratini F. Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations from "Unconventional" Hosts. Animals (Basel), 11(1):191, 2021.
Colegrove KM, et al. Fetal distress and in utero pneumonia in perinatal dolphins during the Northern Gulf of Mexico unusual mortality event. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 119(1):1-16, 2016.
Costa-Silva S, et al. Toxoplasma gondii in cetaceans of Brazil: a histopathological and immunohistochemical survey. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 28(3): 395-402, 2019.
Cunha HA, et al. Epidemiological features of the first unusual mortality event linked to cetacean morbillivirus in the South Atlantic (Brazil, 2017–2018). Marine Mammal Science, 37(4): 1375-1390, 2021.
Curtiss JB, et al. Brucella ceti sequence type 23, 26, and 27 infections in North American cetaceans. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 148: 57-72, 2022.
Dailey M, Walsh M, Odell D, Campbell T. Evidence of prenatal infection in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) with the lungworm Halocercus lagenorhynchi (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 27(1): 164-165, 1991.
Dailey MD. 2001. Parasitic Diseases, p. 357-379. In: Dierauf LA, Gulland FMD, (Orgs). CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1120p.
Davison NJ, et al. Meningoencephalitis in a common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata associated with Brucella pinnipedialis and gamma-herpesvirus infection. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,144: 231-235, 2021.
Di Beneditto APM, Ramos RMA. 2001. Biologia e conservação de pequenos cetáceos no norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro. UENF. 94p.
Di Francesco G, Di Renzo L, Garofolo G, Tittarelli M, Di Guardo G. Two neurotropic pathogens of concern for striped dolphins. Veterinary Record, 187(11): e92, 2020.
Díaz-Delgado J, et al. Comparative histopathologic and viral immunohistochemical studies on CeMV infection among Western Mediterranean, Northeast-Central, and Southwestern Atlantic cetaceans. PlosOne,14(3): e0213363, 2019.
Díaz-Delgado J, et al. Fatal Systemic Toxoplasmosis by a Novel Non-archetypal Toxoplasma gondii in a Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni). Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(336): 1-7, 2020.
Díaz-Santana P, et al. Nocardiosis in Free-Ranging Cetaceans from the Central-Eastern Atlantic Ocean and contiguous Mediterranean Sea. Animals, 12(434): 1-11, 2022.
Domiciano IG, Domit C, Broadhurst MK, Koch MS, Bracarense APFRL. Assessing disease and mortality among small cetaceans stranded at a World Heritage Site in Southern Brazil. Plos One, 11(2): e0149295, 2026.
Domiciano IG. 2012. Achados anátomo-patológicos em cetáceos encontrados no litoral do estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal). Universidade de Londrina. 103p.
Domiciano IG, Bracarense APFRL, Domit C, Marcondes MCC. Enfermidades e impactos antrópicos em cetáceos no Brasil. Clínica Veterinária, 17(99): 100-110, 2012.
Domingo M, et al. Pathologic and immunocytochemical studies of morbillivirus infection in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Veterinary Pathology, 29(1):1-10, 1992.
Ebert MB, Valente ALS. Novos registros de Nasitrema atenuatta e Nasitrema globicephalae (Trematoda: Brachycladiidae) Neiland, Rice e Holden, 1970 em delfinídeos do Atlântico Sul. Check List, 9(6): 1538–1540, 2013.
Novoselecki HE, et al. Highly divergent herpesviruses in threatened river dolphins from Brazil. Scientifc Reports, 11(24528): 1-11, 2021.
Febronio AMB, et al. Crassicaudiasis in three geographically and chronologically distant Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded off Brazil. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 16: 262-269, 2021.
Fernandez A, et al. Morbillivirus and pilot whale deaths, Mediterranean Sea. Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, 14(5): 792-794, 2008.
Figueiredo GC, Santos MC, Siciliano S, Moura JF. Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) in an urbanized area off the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: updated records and conservation issues. Aquatic Mammals, 43(1): 52-62, 2017.
Figueiredo HC, Netto LN, Leal CA, Pereira UP, Mian GF. Streptococcus iniae outbreaks in Brazilian Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L:) farms. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 43(2): 576-580, 2012.
Fiorito CD, Bentancor A, Lombardo D, Bertellotti M. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from gull-inflicted wounds in southern right whale calves. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 121(1): 67-73, 2016.
Flach L, Alonso MB, Marinho T, Van Waerebeek K, Van Bressem MF. Clinical signs in free-ranging Guiana dolphins Sotalia guianensis during a morbillivirus epidemic: case study in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 133:175-180, 2019.
Foster G, et al. A review of Brucella sp. infection of sea mammals with particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Veterinary Microbiology, 90(1-4): 563-580, 2002.
Foster G, Osterman BS, Godfroid J, Jacques I, Cloeckaert A. Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. for Brucella strains with cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 57(Pt 11):2688-2693, 2007.
Fuentes‐Castillo D, et al. Colistin‐resistant Enterobacter kobei carrying mcr‐9.1 and bla CTX‐M‐15 infecting a critically endangered franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei), Brazil. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(6): 3048–3054, 2021.
Geraci JR, Lounsbury VJ. 2005. Marine mammals ashore: a field guide for strandings. National Aquarium in Baltimore. 371p.
Groch KR, et al. Cetacean morbillivirus in Humpback whales' exhaled breath. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(4):1736-1743, 2021.
Groch KR, et al. Novel cetacean morbillivirus in Guiana dolphin, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(3): 511-513, 2014.
Groch KR, et al. The Pathology of Cetacean Morbillivirus Infection and Comorbidities in Guiana Dolphins During an Unusual Mortality Event (Brazil, 2017-2018). Veterinary Pathology, 57(6): 845-857, 2020a.
Groch KR, et al. Cetacean Morbillivirus Infection in a Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) from Brazil. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 181: 26-32, 2020b.
Groch KR, et al. Cetacean morbillivirus in Southern Right Whales, Brazil. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66(1): 606-610, 2019.
Groch KR, et al. Guiana Dolphin Unusual Mortality Event and Link to Cetacean Morbillivirus, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(7): 1349-1354, 2018a.
Groch KR, et al. Pulmonary and systemic fungal infections in an Atlantic spotted dolphin and a Bryde’s whale, Brazil. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 128(1): 73-79, 2018b.
Groch KR, et al. The pathology of cetacean morbillivirus and comorbidities in Guiana dolphin during an unusual mortality event, Brazil (2017-2018). Veterinary Pathology, 57(6): 845-857, 2020.
Loffler SG, et al. Isolation of a Seawater Tolerant Leptospira spp. from a Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis). PLoS One, 10(12): e0144974, 2015.
Guimarães JP, Febronio AMB, Vergara-Parente JE, Werneck MR. Lesions Associated with Halocercus brasiliensis Lins de Almeida, 1933 in the Lungs of Dolphins Stranded in the Northeast of Brazil. The Journal of Parasitology, 101(2): 248–251, 2015.
Guzmán-Verri C, et al. Brucella ceti and brucellosis in cetaceans. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2(3): 1-22, 2012.
Hernández-Mora G, Palacios-Alfaro JD, González-Barrientos R. Wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis: Brucella in aquatic environments. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 32(1): 89-103, 2013.
Howard EB, Britt JO, Matsumoto G. 1983. Parasitic diseases, p. 95–106. In: Howard EB (Org.). Pathobiology of marine mammal diseases. CRC Press. 244p.
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis – GTEMA. 1997. Mamíferos aquáticos do Brasil: plano de ação. IBAMA. 80p.
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis. 2001. Mamíferos Aquáticos do Brasil: Plano de Ação - Versão II. IBAMA. 61p.
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. 2010. Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação do Pequeno Cetáceo Toninha (Pontoporia blainvillei). ICMBio. 75p.
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. 2011. Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação dos mamíferos Aquáticos Grandes cetáceos e Pinípedes. ICMBio. 156p.
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. ICMBio. 4162p.
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. 2019. Portaria Nº 375, de 1 de agosto de 2019. Diário Oficial da União. <https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/docs-pan/pan-cetaceos-marinhos/1-ciclo/pan_cetaceos_marinhos_portaria-aprovacao-e-gat.pdf>. Acesso em: 12/03/2022.
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. 2011. Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação dos Mamíferos Aquáticos Pequenos Cetáceos. ICMBio. 132p.
International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee.
Haque AK. 1992. Pathology of common pulmonary fungal infections. J. Thorac. Imaging 7: 1-11.
Kennedy-Stoskopf S. 2001. Viral diseases, p. 285-307. In: Dierauf LA, Gulland FMD (Orgs). CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine. 2. ed. Florida: CRC Press. 1120p.
Kumar V, Vercruysse J, Kageruka P, Mortelmans J. Nasitrema attenuata (Trematoda) infection of Tursiops truncatus and its potentialities as an aetiological agent of chronic pulmonary lesions. Journal of Helminthology, 49(4):289-292, 1975.
Lee K, et al. Pathological and Genomic Findings of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Isolated From a Free-Ranging Rough-Toothed Dolphin Steno bredanensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) Stranded in Korea. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9(774836): 1-10, 2022.
Leger JS, et al. Comparative pathology of nocardiosis in marine mammals. Veterinary Pathology, 46(2): 299-308, 2009.
Leger JS, Raverty S, Mena A. 2018. Cetacea, p. 533-568. In: Terio KA, Mcaloose D, Leger JS (Orgs.). Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals. Academic Press, Elsevier. 1092p.
Lipscomb TP, Schulman FY, Moffett D, Kennedy S. Morbilliviral disease in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the 1987-1988 epizootic. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 30(4): 567-571, 1994.
Luque JL, Muniz-Pereira LC, Siciliano S, Siqueira LR, Oliveira MS, Vieira FM. Checklist of helminth parasites of cetaceans from Brazil. Zootaxa, 2548(1): 57-68, 2010
Nogueira RM. Primeiro registro de golfinho-de-Risso (Grampus griseus) G. Cuvier, 1812 (Cetacea, Delphinidae), no litoral do estado da Bahia, incluindo uma revisão da espécie em águas brasileiras. Bioikos, 14(1): 34– 43, 2000.
Manire CA, Smolarek KA, Romero CH, Kinsel MJ, Clauss TM, Byrd L. Proliferative dermatitis associated with a novel alphaherpesvirus in an atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 37(2): 174–181, 2006.
Marigo J, Ruoppolo V, Rosas W, Valente ALS, Oliveira MR, Dias RA, Catão-Dias JL, Helminths of Sotalia guianensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) from the South and Southeastern Coasts of Brazil. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46(2): 599–602, 2010.
Martineau D, Lagacé A, Béland P, Higgins R, Armstrong D, Shugart LR. Pathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Québec, Canada. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 98(3): 287–310, 1988.
McFee WE, Wu D, Colegrove K, Terio K, Balthis L, Young R. Occurrence of Brucella ceti in stranded bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus coincides with calving season. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 141: 185-193, 2020
Measures LN. 2001. Lungworms of marine mammals, p. 279– 300. In: Samuel WM, Pybus M, Kocan AA (Orgs.). Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. 2nd ed. Iowa State University Press. 568p.
Melero M, Crespo-Picazo JL, Rubio-Guerri C, García-Párraga D, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. First molecular determination of herpesvirus from two mysticete species stranded in the Mediterranean Sea. BMC Veterinary Research, 11(283): 1-5, 2015.
Melo OP, Ramos RMA, Di Beneditto APM. Helminths of the marine tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais, 1853) (Cetacea: Delphinidae), in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 49(1): 145–148, 2006.
Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2014. Portaria MMA Nº 444, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Diário Oficial da União. <https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/docs-plano-de-acao-ARQUIVO/00-saiba-mais/04_-_PORTARIA_MMA_N%C2%BA_444_DE_17_DE_DEZ_DE_2014.pdf>. Acesso em: 12/03/2022.
Monahan AM, Miller IS, Nally JE. Leptospirosis: risks during recreational activities. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107(3): 707-716 2009.
Moore SE. Marine mammals as ecosystem sentinels. Journal of Mammalogy, 89(3): 534-540, 2008.
Morimitsu T, Nagai T, Ide M, Ishii A, Koono M. Parasitogenic Octavus Neuropathy as a Cause of Mass Stranding of Odontoceti. The Journal of Parasitology, 72(3), 469-472, 1986.
Moser M, Rhinehart H. The lungworm, Halocercus spp. (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae) in cetaceans from California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 29(3): 507-508, 1993.
Moura JF, Cardozo M, Belo MSSP, Hacon S, Siciliano S. A interface da saúde pública com a saúde dos oceanos: Produção de doenças, impactos socioeconômicos e relações benéficas. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 16(8): 3469-3480, 2011.
Moura JF, et al. Humpback whales washed ashore in southeastern Brazil from 1981 to 2011: stranding patterns and microbial pathogens survey. Biologia, 68: 992–999, 2013.
Neiland KA, Rice DW, Holden BL. Helminths of Marine Mammals, I. The Genus Nasitrema, Air Sinus Flukes of Delphinid Cetacea. The Journal of Parasitology, 56(2): 305–316, 1970.
Obusan MCM, Villanueva RMD, Siringan MAT, Rivera WL, Aragones LV. Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in stranded representatives of wild cetaceans in the Philippines. BMC Vaterinary Research, 15:(372): 1-14, 2019.
O'Shea TJ, Homer BL, Greiner EC, Layton AW. Nasitrema sp. associated encephalitis in a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 27(4): 706-709, 1991.
Pereira CS, et al. Plesiomonas shigelloides and Aeromonadaceae family pathogens isolated from marine mammals of Southern and Southeastern Brazilian Coast. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 39(4): 749-755, 2008.
Pereira CT, et al. Vibrio spp. isolados de mamíferos marinhos capturados na região litorânea do sudeste ao sul do Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 27(2): 81-83, 2007.
Pier GB, Madin SH. Streptococcus iniae sp. nov., a Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus isolated from an Amazon freshwater dolphin, Inia geoffrensis. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 26: 545-553, 1976.
Pinto RM, Muniz-Pereira LC, Alves VC, Siciliano S. First report of a helminth infection for Bryde’s whale, Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 (Cetacea, Balaenopteridae). Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 3(2): 167–170, 2004.
Piredda I, et al. Isolation of Leptospira interrogans from a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 56(3): 727-729, 2020.
Reidarson TH, McBain JF, Dalton LM, Rinaldi MG Diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections in marine mammals. In: M.E. Fowler; R.E.Miller. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy. 4a Ed. London: W.B. Saunders. p. 478–485, 1999..
Reidarson TH, Harrell JH, Rinaldi MG, McBain J. Bronchoscopic and serologic diagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary infection in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, pp.451-455, 1998.
Rhinehart HL, Manire CA, Klutzow FW, Bossart GD. Brain Lesions and Clinical Signs in Two Pygmy Killer Whales (Feresa attenuata) Associated with Nasitrema Sp. 1999. <https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3864426&pid=11257&>. Acesso em: 29/05/2022.
Rijks JM, et al. 2012. Morbillivirus Infections, p. 99-118. In: Gavier-Widén D, Duff JP, Meredith A (Orgs.). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. 568p.
Romano LA, Klosterhoff MC, Medeiros AFF, Pedrosa VF. Pulmonary Aspergillis in the dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei). Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 13(2): 524-526, 2020.
Sacristán C. et al. Novel herpesviruses in riverine and marine cetaceans from South America. Acta Tropica, 190: 220–227, 2019.
Sacristán C, Esperón F, Ewbank AC, Kolesnikovas CKM, Catão-Dias JL. Paracoccidioidomycosis ceti in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Brazil. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(2): 585-587, 2018.
Saliki JT, et al. A Novel Gammaherpesvirus Associated with Genital Lesions in a Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 42(1): 142–148, 2006.
Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, et al. Molecular, serological, pathological, immunohistochemical and microbiological investigation of Brucella spp. in marine mammals of Brazil reveals new cetacean hosts. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 66(4): 1674-1692, 2019.
Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, et al. Survey of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. antibodies in cetaceans and manatees of the Amazon basin and Atlantic Ocean, Brazil. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 132(1): 1-11, 2018a.
Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, et al. Brucellosis in a Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene) stranded in Brazil. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(1): 289-291, 2018b.
Santos CP, Rohde K, Ramos R, Di Beneditto AP. Helminths of cetaceans on the Southeastern Coast of Brazil. Journal of Helminthology, 63(1): 149–152, 1996.
Sellera FP, et al. Genomic insights into a halotolerant and virulent New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1)-producing Escherichia coli infecting a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) in the Atlantic coast of South America. Science of Total Environment, (submitted 2022).
Siciliano S, Emin-Lima R, Sousa MEM, Soares JAB, Rodrigues DP, Biancalana FSC. News from Omar, an orphaned manatee in rehabilitation in Marajó Island, Brazil North Coast. Sirenews: The Newsletter of the IUCN Sirenia Specialist Group, 61: 4 – 5, 2014.
Sierra E. Histopathological Differential Diagnosis of Meningoencephalitis in Cetaceans: Morbillivirus, Herpesvirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella sp., and Nasitrema sp. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7(650): 1-15, 2020.
Sierra E, et al. Retrospective Study of Etiologic Agents Associated with Nonsuppurative Meningoencephalitis in Stranded Cetaceans in the Canary Islands. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(7): 2390–2397, 2014.
Simões-Lopes PC, Paula GS, Both MC, Xavier FM, Scaramello AC. First case of Lobomycosis in a bottlenose dolphin from Southern Brazil. Marine Mammal Science, 9(3): 329-331, 1993.
Sousa GP, et al. Brucella Infection investigation in cetaceans and manatees in Northeast Brazil. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 33(3): 125-132, 2021.
Souza ECF, et al. Avaliação do risco de extinção da fauna brasileira: ponto de partida para a conservação da biodiversidade. Diversidade e Gestão, 2(2): 62-75, 2018.
Stephens N, et al. Cetacean morbillivirus in coastal Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Western Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(4): 666-670, 2014.
Van Bressem MF, et al. Cetacean morbillivirus: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses, 6(12): 5145-5181, 2014.
Van Bressem MF, Van Waerebeek K, Raga JA. A review of virus infections of cetaceans and the potential impact of morbilliviruses, poxviruses and papillomaviruses on host population dynamics. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 38: 53–65, 1999.
Van Bressem MF, et al. A preliminary overview of skin and skeletal diseases and traumata in small cetaceans from South American waters. The Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, 6(1): 7–42, 2007.
Van Bressem MF, et al. Epidemiology of lobomycosis-like disease in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops spp. from South America and southern Africa. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 117(1): 59-75, 2015.
Vilela R, et al. Cutaneous granulomas in dolphins caused by novel uncultivated Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(12): 2063-2069, 2016.
Whatmore AM, et al. Characterisation of North American Brucella isolates from marine mammals. Plos One, 12(9): e0184758, 2017.
Zappulli V, Mazzariol S, Cavicchioli L, Petterino C, Bargelloni L, Castagnaro M. Fatal necrotizing fasciitis and myositis in a captive common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) associated with Streptococcus agalactiae. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(6): 617–622, 2005.
Zuerner RL, Alt DP. Variable nucleotide tandem-repeat analysis revealing a unique group of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona isolates associated with California sea lions. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(4): 1202-1205, 2009.
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Os autores mantêm os direitos autorais de seus artigos sem restrições, concedendo ao editor direitos de publicação não exclusivos.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Os artigos estão licenciados sob uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). O acesso é livre e gratuito para download e leitura, ou seja, é permitido copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer mídia ou formato.
v3-3-0-3-2-1-8-release.27